Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer • Take 10 Minutes to study for the Test!!!! • Go ahead and KEEP your Bell Ringers, you will turn them in with the Latin America ones after that Test, BUT I do need your China Notes and SEA Notes! • Also Phones. Vault. Now!!

2. Latin America

3. Latin America • Four Distinct Areas • Mexico • Central America • South America • Islands of the Caribbean

4. Geography – Diverse Landscape • 7,000 miles from Mexico to the tip of South America • Physical Barriers – hinders unity, trade, and contact • Regionalism – loyal to specific locale and geographic area • Guiana Highlands – 1,200 miles from Venezuela to Brazil. Largest waterfall in the world, Angel Falls at 3,212 feet • Andes Mountains – 4,500 miles in length, is the largest range in the world, and the source of most river systems in Latin America

5. Geography – 3 Large River Systems • Amazon River • 4,000 miles • Vital transportation link • Latin America’s longest • Rio De La Plata • 3rd largest commercial waterway • Orinoco River • The Casiquiare, a natural canal, joins the Orinoco and the Amazon

6. Geography – Climate • Near or South of the Equator • Tropical Rain Forests • Deforestation – Cutting trees down in the Amazon Rain Forest. Rain forests produce much of the Earth’s oxygen. • 75% of Latin America is in tropical zone. • Tropical Savannas – Found in northern and central portions of South America • Caribbean Islands – Both wet and dry seasons  • Arid Lands – Atacama Desert is the largest desert in South America and the driest desert in the world

8. Geography – Natural Resources • Agriculture – topography makes farming difficult • Half of the world’s coffee and bananas • 1/3rd of world’s sugar and cocoa • Bolivia: 2nd largest producer of tin in world • Chile is the world’s largest exporter of copper • Mexico contains large deposits of silver • Mineral Resources – oil in Mexico, Venezuela, and Columbia • Vulnerable to poor weather conditions and price fluctuations

9. Geography – Deforestation Deforestation – when land is cleared of forests and trees

10. Geography – Deforestation

11. Geography – Deforestation

12. Civilizations • For over 3,000 years (1500 BC – 1530 AD) natives of the Americas developed independently from the rest of the world. • Aztecs • Incas • Mayans • Toltec

13. Mayans • May date as early as 2000 BC, but flourished 300-900 AD • Yucatan Peninsula • Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador • Polytheistic • Religious rituals revolved around agricultural seasons

14. Mayans • System of Writing and Mathematics • Used Bricks, Mortar, and Stucco • Use of Zero • Hieroglyphic Writings • Accurate Calendar • Elaborate Art • Frescoes • Great Cities • Astronomical Observatories • Movement of Planets

15. Toltec • 750-900 AD • Central Mexican Highlands • Invaded Mayan territory • Extensive Trading Network • Copper bells and turquoise • Massive buildings and pyramids • Painted ceramics • Metalwork in gold and copper

16. Aztecs • Flourished late 1100’s, warlike (1200-1521 AD) • Central and Southern Mexico • Warrior group with rigid class structure and slaves • Borrowed ideas from conquered people • Forced conquered people to pay tribute, used prisoners as daily human sacrifices to gods

17. Aztecs Accomplishments • Manuscripts • Elaborate irrigation systems • Hillside terracing for agriculture • Metalwork in gold and silver • Semiprecious stones as jewelry • Artificial lakes, causeways, island cities – Tenochitlan • Astronomy and Mathematics • Developed a calendar and counting system

18. Incas • 200-1535 AD • Peru, and parts of Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina • Warlike and farming culture with a rigid class system • Extensive Empire with twelve million inhabitants • Animistic in Nature – sun god, rain god, etc.

19. Incas • Accomplishments • Extensive road network • Quipu – system of measurement and record keeping, knotted string, no writing • Hillside terracing for irrigation and agriculture • Medical knowledge of surgery and diseases • Elaborate building and engineering feats

20. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empire • Aztec Empire – Mexico • Incan Empire – Peru • Cortés and Pizarro • Spanish Conquistador Cortés conquered Mexico and Pizarro conquered Peru • Destroyed these empires

21. 1492 – 1546: European Explorations & Conquest • Exploitation of people and resources due to ethnocentric attitudes • Conquistadors • Aztecs – Hernán Cortés • Incas – Francisco Pizarro • Guns, cannons, horses, diseases • Enslaved the survivors and shipped wealth to Europe

22. Bell Ringer Where did Columbus land? What were the four Ancient Latin American Empires? Who were the two major Conquistadors? What is the major Religion in Latin America? What River has the most water discharge in the world? What is the longest Mountain Range in the world?

23. Treaty of Tordesillas 1493-1494 • When Columbus arrived in the Bahamas the Americas belonged to Portugal, but both Spain and Portugal claimed the land • The Pope split South America giving Brazil to Portugal and the rest to Spain providing the foundation for the demographics of South America

24. Treaty of Tordesillas

25. The Encomienda System • The Encomienda System was created sometime between 1493–1512 by the Crown in Castile (Spanish) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxMGtsGmwVg • They reserved the right to grant and remove an encomienda as seen fit • The system was created to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas • It held strong links to Europe’s feudal history

26. The Encomienda System • The crown granted a person a specified number of natives • The receiver of the grant taught the natives Spanish and Catholicism • In return, they received tribute from the natives in the form of labor • The system created a rigid class structure within Latin America

27. The Encomienda System

28. The Encomienda Class Structure • Peninsulares – Spanish officials sent to govern colonies • Most prestige • Criollos – People born in colonies of Spanish parents • Barred from highest positions in government • Educated and wealthy • Became leaders of revolutions • Mestizos/Mulattoes – Mixed Spanish, Indian, or African parents • Laborers and townspeople • Few political rights • Resentment grew because of low social status • Native Americans/African Slaves – Bottom of the social structure • Worked on estates and mines • Very few freedoms

29. Movements for Independence • Unjust conditions stemming from colonial rule • Success of American and French Revolution • Spread of democratic ideals from the European Enlightenment • Wars fought against French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, which diverted Spanish and Portuguese attention from Latin America

30. Latin American Independence • Toussaint L’Ouverture – In 1791 slaves on western half of French colony Haiti revolted under his leadership. First to gain independence in 1804. • Simón Bolívar – educated and wealthy Criollo fought for independence and unified Latin America. In 1819 organized and led a successful revolt against Spanish. Later named president of Republic of Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama) • Jose de San Martin – Won independence for Argentina in 1816. Crossed the Andes and drove the Spanish from Chile to gain independence in 1818. Help to free parts of Peru and Argentina in 1820s.

31. Latin American Independence • Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos • Catholic Criollo priests helped Mexico gain their independence. Led Indians and mestizos in a revolution in 1821. Mexico gained its independence, but the Spanish executed the priests • Brazil and the Caribbean • Brazil –Peaceful transition. Portugal granted independence in 1822 • Caribbean – Some today still not independent (Martinique and Cayman Islands) • Spanish American War – Spanish rule ended for good in 1898 when they lost the final colonies to the United States. (Cuba and Puerto Rico)

32. Instability in Latin America Monroe Doctrine – 1823 • United States policy regarding domination of the American continent • Prevented European powers from intervening in unstable Latin American nations • Further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with other countries in the Americas would be viewed as acts against the United States

33. The Panama Canal Engineering marvel that changed worldwide shipping as it joined the Pacific to the Atlantic

34. Mexican-American War 1846-1848 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming

35. Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 • Major armed struggle that transformed Mexican politics and society. Peasants revolted against the wealthy class • Consequence – Land reform took place and a new political party rose to power and stayed in power until the 1990’s

36. Cuban Revolution 1953-1959 • Fidel and Raul Castro along with their followers went after the government led by Batista seeking economic equality for all • They ran Batista out of the country and set up a communist government with ties to the Soviet Union • The Castro family has been a thorn in the U.S. side for years

37. Instability in Latin American • Regional Differences – geographic barriers, border disputes, regional rivalries for power • Caudillos – Latin American military leaders that favored the upper class • Economic and Social Inequality – land and wealth in hands of few Criollos. With the overthrow of colonial rule, Mestizos and Mulattos were still denied equal rights. Slavery was abolished, but Indians and Blacks had few rights • Church Conservatism – powerful but conservative and they rejected liberal changes that would reform Latin America

38. Iran - Contra

39. Latin America – Past to Present • Political disputes in Honduras and Ecuador threaten stability • El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala are in conflict • Haiti – the poorest country in the world deals with being a developing country and the environment • Mexico is dealing with violent drug wars killing thousands of civilians

40. The United States 20th Century Involvement 1903: United States encourages Panama's independence from Colombia in order to acquire rights to the Panama Canal rights 1905: Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declares United States policeman of the Caribbean and S.A. 1912: United States Marines invade Nicaragua and occupy the country until 1933. 1914: Mexican refusal to salute United States flag provokes shelling of Veracruz by a United States battleship and seizure of parts of the city. 1954: The CIA engineers an overthrow of democratically elected government of Guatemala. 30 years of military dictatorship, repression, and violence follow. 1961: United States attempts to overthrow the revolutionary Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs. Embargo until 2015. 1973: The CIA helps overthrow the democratic government of Allende in Chile in favor of a bloody dictatorship. 1981: The Reagan Administration aided the Contras against the Sandinistas. 1983: The United States invades Grenada to overthrow a popular government. 1989: The United States invades Panama to arrest drug dealer Manual Noriega. 1990: The United States intervenes in the Nicaraguan election process

41. Latin America – Today Rapid population growth threatens economic development of Latin America – 455 million people in 1990 – projected to double by 2025