Graphic communication

1. Graphic communication STANDARD GRADE. KNOWLEDGE AND INTERPRETATION REVISION. LINWOOD HIGH SCHOOL

2. introduction This PowerPoint will cover many of the topics within the Knowledge and Interpretation section of the Standard Grade Graphic Communication exam. It should be used as a study aid and the past paper questions at the end should help you to test your knowledge. At any time you can press the home button at the bottom of the page to return to the contents page to change topic.

3. contents Click on the topic that you specifically want to look at or click to go the next page and follow the topics in order. Colour Theory Signs and Symbols Line Types Computer Software Hardware

4. Colour theory This section will teach you about the following: Click a topic to skip to it. Primary colours Secondary Colours Tertiary Colours Advancing Colours Receding Colours Tones, Tints and Shades Colour Association Colour in Marketing

5. Colour Theory Primary Colours Primary colours are colours that cannot be made by mixing two or more other colours together. Primary colours are stand alone colours that are used to make other colours. The three primary colours are: Yellow Blue Red Many companies that make products aimed at young children will use primary colours. This is because they are bright and are likely to attract the children to them.

6. Colour theory Secondary Colours Secondary colours are made by mixing primary colours together in equal quantities. Orange Green Violet Orange, green and violet are the three secondary colours.

7. Colour theory Primary and secondary colours can be shown on a colour wheel. Secondary colours are placed between the two primary colours which make it. For example red and yellow mix together to make orange, so orange is placed between them on the colour wheel. Colours that sit opposite each other on the colour wheel are said to be CONTRASTING colours e.g. red and green. This means that they stand out from one another. Colours that sit next to each other on the colour wheel are said to be HARMONISINGcolours e.g. blue and purple. This means that they work well together.

8. Colour theory Tertiary Colours Tertiary colours are created by mixing a primary and a secondary colour together. These are shown on the colour wheel. Red Red-orange Red-violet The colours are named by simply combining the names of the two colours used to make it. Orange Violet Blue-violet Yellow-orange Yellow Blue Blue-green Yellow-green Green

9. Colour theory • Advancing Colours • Advancing colours are colours which appear to come towards you when you look at them. Examples of advancing colours are: • Yellow • Red • Orange • If a room was painted in these colours it would make the room seem smaller as the walls would appear to come towards you when you looked at them. • Advancing colours are also known as WARM colours. These are used to give a sense of warmth or are used to indicate heat e.g. on a temperature control or a tap.

10. Colour theory • Receding Colours • Receding colours are colours which appear to move away from you as you looks at them. Examples of receding colours are: • Blue • Violet • Green • If a room was painted in receding colours then it would seem bigger as the walls would appear to move away from you as you looked at them. • Receding colours are also known as COOL colours. These are used to give a sense of coldness.

11. Colour theory Tints, shades and tones. Tints and shades of a colour are made by adding either white or black to it to make it darker or lighter. To make a TINT white is added to the colour. To make a SHADE black is added to the colour. The TONE of a colour is how strong or weak it is. A colour’s tone can be made stronger by adding more coats to it. Original colour Tint Shade

12. Colour theory Different colours are associated with different feelings and emotions. Companies often use certain colours to sell their products as they know that the brain will connect these colours with other things, making them more likely to buy them. • Warmth • Fear • Passion • Love • Danger • Anger • Excitement • Warmth • Sunshine • Happiness • Light • Bright • Cold • Ice • Fresh • Elegant • Sky • Classy • Sophisticated • Warmth • Energy • Happiness • Cheerful • Sunset

13. Colour theory • Calm • Cool • Fresh • Natural • Soothing • Envy • Environment • Peaceful • Dreams • Cool • Solitary • Evil • Death • Mourning • Mystery • Sinister • Elegant • Classy • Dramatic • Purity • Hygienic • Clean • Goodness • Empty • Elegant • Sophisticated

14. Colour theory Examples Here are some examples of colours being applies to products in order to create association. Pearl Drops Toothpaste The packaging is white which suggests cleanliness and hygiene. The blue on the label gives the impression that the toothpaste is cool and fresh. Nature Valley Oats ‘n’ Honey Cereal Here, they have used green to try to create the impression that this cereal is healthy and only has natural ingredients. This is to make people think that this cereal is good for them.

15. Colour theory Irn Bru They have chosen to make the can orange and blue, which as you will remember from the colour wheel, are contrasting colours. This makes the can eye catching and so will grab people’s attention when it is in shops. The orange also gives a sense of energy and fun. Cacharel Amor Amor Cacharel describe this perfume as ‘a passionate feminine fragrance’. In this instance they have used red to communicate the idea of passion. The red also makes the bottle very eye catching and would make people in the shop notice it.

16. Signs and symbols This section will teach you about the following: Click a topic to skip to it. Types of signs Symbols

17. Signs and Symbols • Signs and symbols are used everywhere in day to day life and you probably don’t realise it. They are used to convey information to people through pictures, or symbols, and colour. • There are different types of signs: • Mandatory • Prohibition • Warning • Safe Condition • Here are some you may recognise:

18. Signs and Symbols Mandatory Signs Colour: Blue circular background with white text or symbol Means: Instruction on sign MUST be followed. Example: Prohibition Signs Colour: White background, red circle with a line through, black picture and text. Means: Tells you what you MUST NOT do. Example:

19. Signs and Symbols Safe Condition Signs Colour: Green square or rectangular background and white text or symbol. Means: Tells you what to do in case something goes wrong Example: Warning Signs Colour: Yellow triangular background with black text and/or symbol. Means: Warns of a hazard Example:

20. Signs and Symbols Symbols In industry, architects, engineers and builders have to work with drawings. This means that symbols have to be standardised so that everyone can use the same ones so it is easy to look at and interpret drawings from other companies, countries etc. These symbols are used to show various elements such as materials, appliances, wires, switches, sockets etc. On the next slide you will find some of the symbols you need to know.

21. Signs and Symbols Sink Sink Top Bath WC Shower Tray Washbasin Switch Socket Bulb Insulation Concrete Brickwork Sawn Wood

22. R Diameter symbol Indicates radius size Signs and Symbols BSI Kitemark N North Symbol Remember that in the exam only the given names for the symbols will be accepted. You will not receive any marks for your own variation. 3rd Angle Projection Symbol

23. Line types This section will teach you about the following: Click a topic to skip to it. Introduction to line types Types of lines and their uses

24. Line types Line Types Different line types are used within drawings to illustrate different things. Just like with signs and symbols, line types have to be standardised so that anyone from any company, workplace or country can understand what all the line types mean. • There are different names for the types of lines: • Outline • Projection • Centre • Hidden detail • Fold • Cutting plane

25. Line types Outline These are used to draw the final outline of a shape or drawing. They are drawn thicker than a projection line. Projection These are the lines that are used to construct the drawing. They are drawn in very lightly and are not part of the outline. Centre These are drawn to show the middle of an object or indicate symmetry. These lines are represented as a long dash followed by a short dash.

26. Line types Hidden Detail These are used to show areas of an object which cannot be seen from the current angle, but which still exist. They are drawn as a dashed line. Fold These are the lines that are used in surface developments e.g. a cone or pyramid, to show where it would be folded. It is represented as a long dash followed by two short dashes. Cutting Plane These are used in sectional drawings to show where the object would be cut. They are drawn the same way as centre lines, with both ends being slightly thicker. The arrows indicate the direction in which you are supposed to be looking and the letters indicate the name of the section. A A

27. 3rd Angle Projection Symbol This symbol is added to diagrams to help explain their layout. Third angle projection is the standard layout for orthographic drawings where heights, breadths and lengths are projected between views. Cross-Hatching These are thin 45° lines drawn to show the surface produced by a cutting plane.

28. DIMENSIONING • Dimensions or measurements are essential on most production drawings as enable the engineer to manufacture the product or construct buildings. • In most drawings, the millimetre is the standard unit or measurement. However where larger sizes are required, such as in site plans, the metre is often used. • Rules of dimensioning • Each dimension should be shown on the drawing only once. • Place the dimensions on your drawing so that they can be read from either the bottom or the right hand side. • Always measure in millimetres, unless instructed otherwise. • Figures should not touch outlines, dimension lines or centre lines. • Ø before a dimension denotes the diameter of a circle. R denotes the radius. • On circles, always dimension the diameter – never the radius. • On curves, arcs and rounded corners, always show the radius.

29. DIMENSIONING Dimension Lines Where possible, place the dimension lines outside the outline. Arrowheads should be small and slim, with the point of the arrowhead touching the projection lines. Overall dimensions are placed further away from the drawing 130 Intermediate dimensions are placed along a line like this. This is known as chain dimensioning. 10 50 10 30 30 10 45o Figures on vertical dimension lines are read from the right hand side. Projection/ Leader Lines These lines enable the dimension to be placed outside the outline of the drawing. Leave a small gap to avoid confusing the leader line with the outline. 40 70 When more than one dimension is taken from a datum line, they are set out like this. This is known as parallel dimensioning. 20 10 Always show the diameter of a circle, never its radius. He radius should only be stated when showing the size of a curve, arc or rounded corner. More than one dimension can be taken from a single line. This line is known as a Datum line. R20 20

30. Cad and cag This section will teach you about the following: Common CAD commands Advantages of CAD software Advantages of CAG software

31. Cad commands Layers Layers are used in industry to simplify drawings. Different layers are used for different elements of the drawing and often each layer is colour coded. For example one layer may be used to show plumbing and so only the plumbing elements would be shown on it. Another might be used to electrics, another for windows and doors and so on. Users can toggle between layers and switch selected layers on and off. Layers can also be viewed altogether on top of one another so that users can see everything at once. This is the electronic equivalent of drawing on tracing paper.

32. CAD commands CAD Library This is a collection of symbols to represent different components such as electrical appliances, furniture, sockets etc. This is used in architectural drawings as it means the user does not have to make up a symbol for everything, making it much quicker to complete drawings. Snap to grid This makes the curser jump to one of the corners of the grid. This means that CAD can be done much more quickly and accurately.

33. CAD commands Box / Ring Array This tools allows the user to duplicate a shape and paste it either in a ring or in rows and columns. This saves time individually copying and pasting the shape. Mirror This tools allows the user to reflect a drawn shape along an edge or about a predefined axis. This saves time as it means that the user does not have to redraw anything and it is more accurate as it is perfectly symmetrical.

34. CAD commands Zoom This allows the user to have a closer, more detailed look at an object. It makes the object come towards the screen, making it bigger. Users can also zoom out to make it smaller and see more of the object. Copy and Paste This allows the user to duplicate and object exactly as it is. This means that the object does not have to be redrawn.

35. CAD commands Fillet This command changes the corner of an object to make it rounded. This means that the user does not have to draw the corner as a separate curve. Chamfer This command changes the corner to a 45O line. This means that the user does not have to draw this line at 45O separately.

36. CAD commands Rotate This allows the user to turn an object about a point any number of degrees. This shape has been rotated 90o. Tangent This allows the user to join a line to a circle at a tangent. The lines connecting the two circles have been drawn using the tangent tool.

37. CAD commands Trim/Extend Trim allows the user to take away excess parts of a line between the end of the line and another edge. Extend allows the user to make a line longer to meet another edge of a shape. Above, the red line has been extended to meet the square while the yellow line has been trimmed to meet it. Break This tool allows the user to remove part of a line between two edges without having to remove the whole line and redraw the remaining parts. Above, the part of the line that is inside the circle has been removed without having to redraw the other lines.

38. Cad • Advantages of using 3D CAD software • Models can be produced for free as opposed to making a physical 3D model which saves companies time and money. • Some packages allow surfaces to be rendered to look like realistic materials and so it is easy to obtain a client presentation model. • Orthographic drawings can be produced from the 3D CAD model at the click of a button and multiple copies can easily be obtained. • Productivity is increased as 3D models can be produced very quickly and more accurately. • Models are very easy to alter, save and send electronically.

39. Disadvantages of using 3D CAD software • Cost of maintaining and updating the computer software. • Initial set up costs can be very expensive. • Risk of computer failure and loss of work if it is not backed up. • Staff may need to be trained in how to use the software which could be costly and time consuming. • Manual drawing skills may deteriorate because of the use of CAD packages.

40. Cag • Advantages of a CAG package • Storage and Retrieval • Drawings can be saved onto a hard disk, CD-R, USB stick etc. This means that they take up no space compared to drawers and folders of paper drawings. • Drawings can be printed over and over again without losing any of their quality instead of photocopying a drawing. • Modification • Many changes can be made quickly and easily. This reduces time and cost which in turn increases productivity.

41. CAg • Repetitive Elements • Elements which are used over and over again in a drawing do not have to be drawn separately. • Elements only have to be drawn once and then saved into the library for them to be positioned into the drawings when needed. • Speed • Drawing production time is reduced as drawings can be produced much quicker using a computer. • Drawing size and Flexibility • Drawings can be enlarged/ reduced with no loss of detail or quality. • Small detail can be drawn very accurately using the zoom tool making it more accurate than manual drawing.

42. Word Processing Used for: Inputting and editing text. They are used to produce a wide range of text documents. Font type and size can be changed and the alignment and line spacing can be changed. Can be used when little or no graphics are required. Example: Microsoft word. Spreadsheets Used for: Inputting and automatically calculating tables of numbers. Financial reports can be created from a spreadsheet and it can also be used to create graphs and charts. Example: Microsoft Excel. Desktop Publishing (DTP) Used for: Creating publications which are a mix of text and graphics. They are often used to create magazine or newspaper pages, brochures, leaflets and books. DTP programs are much less rigid than word processing. Example: Microsoft Publisher.

43. hardware This section will teach you about the following: Types of hardware Input Devices Output Devices

44. ADVANCED APPLICATIONS The development of computers has significantly changed the way in which graphics are produced. This means that designers can create graphics more quickly and realistically. Two examples of advanced computer graphics are animation and simulation. Computer animation: Animation (moving images) was originally created by redrawing thousands of images by hand, which varied by tiny amounts. When these were played together one after another very quickly, the images appeared to be moving. This was a very slow and labour intensive process. Modern animation software creates movement by moving the graphic images along a plotted path. Animation can also assist in education e.g. showing how a machine works, how blood flows through the body etc. Computer Simulation: Computer simulation uses computer models to imitate or predict real life situations. Training, testing and predicting outcomes are the most common uses of simulation. They can be used to train pilots or drivers to cope with dangerous situations by allowing them to interact with the simulation. It can also be used to test structures in civil engineering to gauge how they will work or withstand certain situations.

45. Storage • A PC normally contains several disc drives such as an internal hard drive and one or more removable-disc drives. The hard drive can be used daily for storage of work but removable methods of storage have three uses: • Copying/Moving files:When computers are not linked together through a network, this is the easiest way to move files from one computer to another. • Backing up files: Back up copies of important files are made as insurance against files accidentally being deleted or corrupted. • Archiving files: Removable methods of storage mean that files that are not used regularly can be saved and stored elsewhere. This frees up space on the hard drive.

46. Storage Methods of Storage Memory stick/ pen drive: Small, durable, solid state storage devices. Most models now have a capacity measured in GB. Removable Hard Drive: Similar to a memory stick but have much bigger capacities. These are normally used for backing up a whole computer rather than just saving individual files.

47. Storage Methods of Storage Recordable Compact Disc (CD-R) and DVD: Both are optical mediums which can be read in any CD-ROM drives but need special drives to record. DVDs have a much bigger capacity than CD-Rs. 3.5” Floppy Disc: This is hardly ever used today because of much bigger and more reliable methods of storage. It is a magnetic medium which allows data to be stored onto it from a floppy disc drive. Most modern computers today do not have one of these drives.

48. Hardware • What is hardware? • Hardware is anything that connects to a computer than is physical i.e. you can physically touch it. • Hardware can be divided into two categories: • Input devices • Output devices Input devices are devices which are used to put information into the computer. Output devices are devices which are used to get information out of the computer. Some devices such as storage devices can be both input and output.

49. Hardware Input Devices Here are some examples of input devices that you will need to know about. Keyboard Used to input text and numbers into the computer. Mouse Used to guide the curser around the screen. Users can point and click on things to select them. Some mice, like the one shown opposite, have a wheel which allows the user to scroll up and down a page or zoom in and out.

50. Hardware Graphics Tablet This device is essentially an electronic pen and paper. Drawings can be done onto the tablet using the pen and an electronic signal is sent to the computer, making the drawing appear on the monitor. Tracker ball This device is like an upside down roller ball mouse. The device stays stationary while the user moves the ball around the move the curser on the screen. The tracker ball also has two buttons, just like a mouse, to select items on the screen.