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Memory

Memory. Encoding, Storage & Retrieval. Memory. Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. 3 Processes of Memory. Encoding Processing of information into the memory system Storage Retention of encoded information over time Retrieval

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Memory

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  1. Memory Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

  2. Memory • Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

  3. 3 Processes of Memory • Encoding • Processing of information into the memory system • Storage • Retention of encoded information over time • Retrieval • Process of getting information out of memory

  4. 4 Memory Stores • 1. Sensory Memory • Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system • 2 types • Echoic - auditory • 3-4 seconds • Iconic - visual sensory memory • Visual information • 1/4 second

  5. Iconic Sensory Memory

  6. 2. Working Memory Processing of briefly stored information 3. Short Term Activated memory holds +/- 7 items ~30 seconds 4. Long Term Memory Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system 4 Memory Stores

  7. Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

  8. Attention to important or novel information Sensory input Encoding External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Encoding Retrieving A Simplified Memory Model Storage Storage Storage

  9. Encoding: Automatic v. Effortful • Automatic Processing • Quick, unconscious encoding of incidental information • Space & time • Well-learned information • Word meanings • We can learn automatic processing • Reading backwards

  10. Encoding: Automatic v. Effortful • Effortful Processing • Slower, requires attention & conscious effort • Rehearsal • Conscious repetition of information • Maintain it in consciousness • Encode it for storage

  11. Ebbinghaus rehearsed nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV More times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Encoding: Automatic v. Effortful

  12. Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 64 Number of repetitions of list on day 1 Ebbinghaus

  13. Encoding • Spacing Effect • Distributed practice yields better long term retention than massed practice • Serial-Position Effect • Recall best for info presented first & last • First - more rehearsal time • Last - recency effect

  14. 90 Percentage of words recalled 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of word in list Serial Position Effect Immediate recall Later recall

  15. What Do We Encode? • Semantic Encoding • Encoding of meaning/words • Acoustic Encoding • Encoding of sound/words • Visual Encoding • Encoding of picture images

  16. Encoding & Retrieval • Type of encoding impacts retrieval • Participants recalled word after: • Capital letters? • Rhyme with train? • Fit in sentence?

  17. Encoding & Retrieval

  18. Encoding & Retrieval • Imagery/Mnemonics • Mental pictures • Powerful aid to effortful processing • Vivid imagery and/or semantic encoding

  19. Encoding & Retrieval • Rehearsal • Maintenance • Elaborative • Memory drug video

  20. Organization • Chunking enhances memory • Items into familiar, manageable units • Occurs automatically • 1776149218121941 • ID # (3-2-4) • Acronyms • MVEMJSUNP - My very energetic mother just sat upon nine pins

  21. Storage - Long Term Memory • How does storage work? • Lashley (1950) - specific brain cites? - NO! • Rats learn maze - Lesion cortex - Test memory • Memory retained • Gerard (1953) - electrical activity? - NO! • Hamsters learn maze • Cease brains electrical activation (freeze) • Revive and memory retained

  22. Storage - Long Term Memory • ‘…memories are more of a spiritual than a physical reality. You try to touch them, and they turn to mist and disappear.’

  23. Storage - Long Term Memory • Synaptic & NT changes • Long-term Potentiation • Increase in synapse’s firing potential after S • More NT release & receptor cites (possibly) • Neuron loops or networks • Drugs that block NTs impairs memory • Alcohol impacts serotonin and memory • ECT or concussion impairs memory • Boxer, depressed patient

  24. Storage - Long Term Memory • Flashbulb Memories • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • Challenger explosion/Princess Diana/JFK Jr. • WHY? • Stress hormones boost learning/retention • Hippocampus & amygdala structurally close • Rehearsal

  25. Long Term Memory Subsystems • Explicit Memory • Memory of facts/experiences known • Hippocampus- helps move information from STM to LTM • Clive Wearing video (Mind 24)

  26. Retrieval • Recall • Retrieve learned information not in awareness • Fill in the blank test • Recognition • Identify learned information • Multiple choice test

  27. Retrieval Cues • Reminders of forgotten information • Guides to where to look for info • Mood/emotion (SDM) • Moods are retrieval cues • Learn happy recall best when happy • Context Effects • Memory works better in the context of original learning

  28. Percentage of words recalled 40 30 20 10 0 Water/ land Land/ water Water/ water Land/ land Same contexts Different contexts Retrieval Cues • Heard words on land or under water • Recall best when context same for learning & recall

  29. Encoding failure Information never enters the memory system Attention is selective Cant encode it ALL Storage Decay Decay of physical memory trace Synapse/NT degradation over time Neural networks atrophy if unused Retrieval failure (storage problem) Forgetting

  30. Sensory memory - the senses momentarily register amazing detail Short term memory - a few items are both noticed and encoded Long-term storage - Some items are altered or lost Retrieval from long-term memory - depending on interference, retrieval cues moods and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Information bits Forgetting

  31. Memory Construction • Memory does not work like VCR • We filter information, fill in missing pieces, and construct memories during encoding, storage and retrieval • Perceptions of the past • Misinformation Effect • Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

  32. Depiction of actual accident Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction Memory Construction • Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned

  33. False Memories • False memories can be created in some people (Loftus) • Vivid imagery, journals • Repressed memories of abuse • No reliable memories pre 3 years of age

  34. Summary: Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • Perceptions of the past

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