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Occupational Health Standards

Occupational Health Standards. Industrial Hygiene IENG 341 Carter J. Kerk Industrial Engineering Department South Dakota School of Mines Spring 2008. Assignment. Nims, Chapter 3 HW3 Critical Thinking Questions P. 70 1-7 Due?. Introduction.

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Occupational Health Standards

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  1. Occupational Health Standards Industrial Hygiene IENG 341 Carter J. Kerk Industrial Engineering Department South Dakota School of Mines Spring 2008

  2. Assignment • Nims, Chapter 3 • HW3 • Critical Thinking Questions • P. 70 • 1-7 • Due?

  3. Introduction • Hazardous substances have been recognized as causing illness for more than 2000 years • 1833, Factory Acts (England) • Restricting employment of children in textile mills • 1908, first US workers compensation laws • 1936, Walsh-Healy Act provided some protection for those working for government contractors • 1969, Federal Coal Mine Health & Safety Act • 1970, Occupational Safety & Health Act *** • www.osha.gov

  4. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 • Preamble • To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health; and for other purposes.

  5. The OSHAct • Created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • Located in the Department of Labor (Secretary of Labor, Elaine Chao) • Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA (OSHA Director), Ed Foulke • Develop and enforce regulations aimed at protecting US workers • Created the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) • Located in the Department of Health & Human Services (Secretary of HHS, Michael Leavitt) • NIOSH Director, John Howard • Researcher and advisor to OSHA; methods development for exposure sampling and analysis, respiratory protection, and issuance of recommended levels for exposure to hazardous substances

  6. General Duty Clause:Section 5 of the Act • (a) Each employer – • (1) shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees; • (2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act. • (b) Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.

  7. OSHA Standards • Title 29 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) • Part 1904 – Recordkeeping & Reporting Occupational Injuries & Illness • Part 1910 – Occupational Safety & Health Standards (General Industry) • See Appendix I of Nims • Part 1926 – Safety & Health Regulations for Construction • See Appendix II of Nims • Other Important Safety & Health Standards • 40 CFR – Environmental Protection Agency • 49 CFR – Department of Transportation

  8. Adoption ofConsensus Standards • OSHA has on occasion adopted consensus standards, including when it first started (early 1970s) • Consensus Standards • Existing standards that are voluntarily being followed by industry; typically these contain the minimum requirements for materials, procedures, and applications

  9. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) • ACGIH has made significant contributions to chemical exposure standards • ACGIH publishes threshold limit values (TLV) • Often these TLVs lead to OSHA permissible exposure limits (PEL) • www.acgih.org

  10. State Plan States • States can choose to have their own state OSHA plan that meets or exceeds the OSHA standards • States thus have more control and get 50% funding from Federal government to run the program

  11. Alaska Arizona California Hawaii Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maryland Michigan Minnesota Nevada New Mexico North Carolina Oregon Puerto Rico South Carolina Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wyoming State Plan States

  12. Special State Plan States • Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and Virgin Islands have plans that cover public employment only (state and local government) • Be aware of how your state(s) operate

  13. Promulgation ofOSHA Standards • A mixture of science and politics • Proposal of a new standard • Receive and evaluate recommendations from advisory committees and other interested parties, including NIOSH • Notice of intended rulemaking published in the Federal Register • Receive input through public comments / hearings (60-90 days) • Final version of the standard is published in the Federal Register

  14. OSHA Standards • It took the Confined Space Entry Regulation 12 years to become finalized • Emergency Temporary Standards • Can be used if OSHA determines that workers are in grave danger due to exposure to a toxic substance or agent • Can happen in less than 6 months • Little used • Appealing Standards • Anyone adversely affected may file a petition for review of the standard in US Court of Appeals

  15. OSHA Standards Variances • Temporary Variance • Employer cannot comply because of unavailability of technical personnel, materials, equipment, or major construction • Permanent Variance • Employer has an alternative method, practice, or operation at least as safe as the standard • Experimental Variance • Employer is participating in an approved experiment to demonstrate or validate new safety and health techniques

  16. Exposure Limits • For this chapter, mainly concerned with air quality values in the workplace • Air concentration below which health hazards are unlikely to occur among most exposed workers • Based on scientific studies (animal, human) • Later chapters: noise, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.

  17. Sources of Exposure Limits • OSHA limits are the only ones enforceable as law • Other sources: • NIOSH • ANSI (American National Standards Institute) • ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials) • ACGIH • AIHA

  18. Exposure Limit Terms • TWA – Time-Weighted Average • 8 hour, 15 minute, 5 minute, instantaneous • 8-Hr TWA = [(CxTx)+…+(CnTn)]/8 • Cx = concentration measured during time interval Tx • n = total number of intervals measured • Make sure time intervals in numerator match time in the denominator • Concentrations • Parts per million (ppm) – gases, vapors • Milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) – solids (fumes, dusts, mists)

  19. OSHA PELs • OSHA PELs are found in Tables Z-1 and Z-2 of 29CFR1910 Subpart Z • Posted on the course website • Use these to look up substance-specific standards

  20. Example PELs (Table Z-1) Notes: PELs are 8-hr TWA unless otherwise noted. C refers to ceiling limit

  21. Example: Benzene PEL • Table Z-2 • 8-hr TWA: 10 ppm • Acceptable ceiling concentration: 25 ppm • Acceptable max peak above acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hr shift: 50 ppm for 10 min • See 29CFR1910.1028 for more specific standards on benzene

  22. Other OSHA Requirements • Employee training on hazards associated with the agent • Establish regulated areas to limit the number of employees exposed • Use engineering and other controls to reduce or control the level of the agent • Use PPE • Medical surveillance of exposed workers • Periodic measurement of exposure levels • Recordkeeping of exposure and medical surveillance • Written programs, policies, procedures to ensure compliance

  23. ACGIH TLVs • Source of many OSHA PELs • TLV/BEI Booklet, $40, www.acgih.com • TLV: Threshold Limit Value • BEI: Biological Exposure Limit

  24. IDLH • Immediate Danger to Life and Health • Poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants that is likely to cause • death • immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects • prevent escape • See NIOSH CD

  25. Carcinogens • Substances known to cause cancer • NIOSH: uses notation: Ca • OSHA: addresses carcinogens through substance-specific regulations • ACGIH uses a 5 category system • A1 through A5 (see text for details, p. 63)

  26. Overall IH Program Components • Exposure Limits • Hazard Communication (HAZCOM) • Respiratory Protection • Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) • Confined Spaces • Noise

  27. Hazard Communications Standard • HAZCOM, 29 CFR 1910.1200 • “Right to Know” standard • Identify and maintain a list of all hazardous materials • Maintain MSDS in locations known and accessible to employees

  28. HAZCOM Cont. • Train employees on • safe use, handling, and storage of hazardous materials • Health hazards associated • Steps to protect their health • Training on new hazards • Proper labeling of containers and pipes • Train employees on the regulation itself • Prepare a written program that describes your compliance • Keep records

  29. Respiratory Protection Standard • 29 CFR 1910.134 • Assign responsibility for program • Written procedures on selection, use and care of respirators • Medical surveillance program • Employee training on use, care and limitations of respirators • Fit testing appropriate for contaminants

  30. Respiratory Std Cont. • Procedures for cleaning, storing, maintaining, and inspecting respirators • Periodic monitoring of contaminant levels • Periodic review of the program for effectiveness

  31. HAZWOPER • Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard • 29 CFR 1910.120 (1926.69 – Construction) • Ensure health and safety of workers at sites where hazardous materials have been either accidentally released or dumped or where they are treated, stored, or disposed of.

  32. Confined Space Standard • 29 CFR 1910.146 • Confined Space • Large enough to enter and perform work • Limited or restricted means for entry or exit • Not designed for human occupancy • Study permit on p. 67

  33. Occupational Noise Exposure Standard • 29 CFR 1910.95 • Chapter 9 of your text

  34. Assignment • Nims, Chapter 3 • HW3 • Critical Thinking Questions • P. 70 • 1-7 • Due?

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