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African Independence

African Independence. Nationalism and South Africa. South Africa. 1910 – Independence from Great Britain White Dominated – Rich in Gold and Diamonds Blacks outnumbered Whites 4 : 1. After WWII Africans were promised independence for helping European Nations.

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African Independence

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  1. African Independence Nationalism and South Africa

  2. South Africa • 1910 – Independence from Great Britain • White Dominated – Rich in Gold and Diamonds • Blacks outnumbered Whites 4 : 1

  3. After WWII Africans were promised independence for helping European Nations. • Did not happen immediately, caused a sense of nationalism to sweep across Africa.

  4. Pan-Africanism • Promoted cultural unity of people of African Heritage in their struggle for Freedom. • Pan-Africanism spread across those of African descent in North America and throughout the West Indies. • “Africans at home and abroad”

  5. Pan-African Congress • In 1945 African Delegates met in Manchester, England to demand freedom. • Some of their demands for freedom were met. • Some colonies had a slow peaceful transfer of power. • Egypt • Other colonies suffered long wars of National Liberation. • South Africa

  6. South Africa • Had been segregated by British. • Whites received education and better jobs while South Africans did not. • In 1948 National Party came to power. They were Afrikaan-speaking descendants from Dutch settlers. • They practiced “Apartheid”

  7. Apartheid • 1948 Means Apartness • Afrikaners (Dutch) dominated • Suppose to be “Separate but Equal” • Really White Supremacy • Four Classes - White, Asian, Mixed, Black • Strictly Segregated: marriage, jobs, houses, schools

  8. Apartheid • National Party separated South Africa based on race. • Each tribe received their own land which became a “tribal state.” • Given barren land, and still relied on the South African government.

  9. African National Congress (ANC) • Fought against Apartheid and led peaceful civil disobedience. • Was illegal according to the Apartheid laws. • In 1960 demonstrators were fired upon, among them was Nelson Mandela

  10. Continued • Mandela was jailed in 1962 by the Apartheid government. • Was not released until 1989 when the Apartheid laws started to lift. • A new anti-Apartheid government was elected and demanded Nelson Mandela to be freed.

  11. 60s - 80s South Africa was sanctioned by the world (no Olympics) • 1989 – Pres. F.W. de Klerk – legalized the ANC and released Mandela • Today there is equality but still discontent

  12. Mandela • Became president in 1994 in the first “all-race” election. • He retired in in 1999 as President. • Other Issues • Aids • Poverty

  13. Current President Jacob Zuma

  14. Problems in Africa Today • Colonial borders have forced enemy ethnic groups together • Aids • Civil Wars • Hunger

  15. Latin America

  16. Latin America • Problems Since WWII • 1. multinational corporations – cheap labor and don’t return profits • 2. monoculture – reliance on one or two crops or minerals • Led to poverty

  17. Debt – 1980s borrowed from foreign banks to industrialize • Inflation – printed $ to pay the debt without backing • Led to 1980s democratic reforms across Central America • Population Explosion – increase in poverty • Urban Growth w/o infrastructure

  18. Alliances • OAS = Organization of American States 1948 – 35 members – foster economic, military and cultural cooperation in the Western Hemisphere • www.oas.org • NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement – 1994 – US, Canada, Mexico • Venezuela = member of OPEC

  19. Simon Bolivar • Military and Political leader who helped Latin American countries become independent from the Spanish Empire. • Gran Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, & Peru.

  20. Toussaint L’Ouverture • Leader of the Haitian Revolution in 1801. • Forced to resign as “Governor of Haiti” by Napoleon’s forces in 1802. • Died in 1803, but Haiti became independent by 1804 due to the revolution he helped start.

  21. Jean-Bertrand Aristide – Haiti’s first democratically elected president 1987, 1994-96 and 2001-04

  22. Enrique Pena Nieto President of Mexico

  23. Manuel Noriega Panama US overthrew him in 1989 Serving in prison in Miami for drug trafficking 40 years

  24. Oscar Arias Costa Rica President from 1986-90 and reelected in 2006 Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for support of democracy and freedom

  25. Juan Peron – Argentina Popular wife (Eva or Evita) 1946-55 Elected twice

  26. Colombia • Became a source for drugs into the US • Medillin Drug Cartel – ran the operation • US has helped to stop this operation

  27. Augusto Pinochet – Chile Dictator 1973-90 Political Repression

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