1. “African Independence”

2. Role: • Served w/allies (colonial powers) • Served as front line troops • Served in auxiliary roles • Only saw action in Africa Africans in WWI • WWI Impact on Africa: • Africans who served return to villages • with new ideas about freedoms • Western ideas taught in African schools • Africans organize nationalist groups

3. Role: • Served as front line troops and in • auxiliary roles • Provided resources to the Allies • Saw action in Middle East, Italy, Burma, • Italy, and North and East Africa Africans in WWII • WWI Impact on Africa: • Turning Point in African History!!!!! • Post-war: Africans no longer satisfied • to remain under colonial control • Wave of nationalism seeps across Africa

4. Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nation or culture African Nationalism Pan-Africanism: A movement, founded around 1900, to secure equal rights, self-government, independence, and unity for African peoples

5. Background: • First colony to gain independence • Colonial name: The Gold Coast The British Colonies Ghana • Leader(s): • Kwame Nkrumah: nationalist & • independence leader • Process: • Use civil disobedience • 1948 riots in Accra = British reforms • Convention People’s Party created • 1951 British allow free elections • = CPP wins majority • 1957 British grant independence

6. Background: • Inspired by Ghana’s independence • Colonial name: British East Africa The British Colonies • Leader(s): • Jomo Kenyatta: independence • leader/kikuyu • Kikuyu: largest ethnic group • Mau Mau: Kikuyu guerilla group Kenya • Process: • 1950’s British allow role in govt. • whites oppose = loose land/crops • Mau Mau Rebellion: violent rebellion • against British • 1963 Kikuyu win elections and • declare independence

7. Background: • Colonial name: British Central Africa • 1953 Federation of Rhodesia & • Nyasaland created (multiracial) • Leader(s): • Robert Mugabe: African leader • in civil war; 1st prime minister The British Colonies • Process: • 1963 African majority • votes to withdraw • 1964 Zambia & Malawi • created • 1965 Southern Rhodesia • breaks away = civil war • (whites vs. Africans) • 1979 elections held • 1980 Mugabe leader • & land renamed Zimbabwe Malawi Zambia Zimbabwe

8. Background: • Igbo people ruled from 10th C. to • 1911 when British took over • 1914 divided south (wealthy) & • north (poor) • 1936 slavery outlawed in north The British Colonies Nigeria • Process: • 1960 British grant them • independence • 1966-1970 Nigerian Civil War • 1970-1979 Military rule = oil boom • 1979-1999 Democracy to Military • rule (back and forth) • Leader(s): • Nnamdi Azikiwe: first president

9. Background: • French Goal: integrate African • colonies into post-WWII French • Union • Colonial name: French West Africa The French Colonies Senegal Guinea Cote D’Ivoire • Leader(s): • Sekou Toure: independence • leader of Guinea • Charles de Gaulle: French leader • Process: • Nationalist parties form • 1958 French ultimatum = Join • French Union or Independence • 1958 Guinea breaks away • 1960 Senegal & Ivory Coast • granted independence

10. Algeria • Background: • French colony since 1800’s The French Colonies • Leader(s): • Ahmed Ben Bella: FLN leader and • 1st president • Charles de Gaulle: French leader • Process: • National Liberation Front (FLN) • demands independence • 1954 Algerian War of Independence • 1958 de Gaulle offers 3 options • 1962 France grants independence

11. Background: • Congo rich in resources & minerals • Congolese people are tribal = • WWII brought unity • Leader(s): • Patrice Lumumba: independence • leader & 1st prime minister • Joseph Mobutu: military leader & • dictator; seizes power after civil war The Belgian Colonies Congo • Process: • 1955 Belgium sets 30 year timetable • 1959 violent protests in capital • June 1960 gain independence • 1960-65 civil war = new govt. vs. military • 1965 Mobutu and military seize control • name changed to Zaire • 70’s-90’s poor economy • 1994 Rwandan genocide = • refugees & destabilization • Mobutu forced out & exiled • 1997 renamed Dem of Congo

12. Background: • Post-WWII = Liberation Armies est. • Colonial Name: Portuguese Guinea, • West Africa, and East Africa Guinea- Bissau The Portuguese Colonies • Leader(s): • Liberation Army: military units • created to fight for independence Angola • Process: • 1950’s-70’s bloody revolts • = Portugal vs. Liberation Armies • 1974 coup in Portugal = colonial • withdrawal from Africa • Independent nations of Guinea-Bissau, • Angola, and Mozambique Mozambique

13. Background: • 1795 British seize land (Dutch) • 1806 becomes a British colony • Boers settle in Orange Free State • and found Boer Republic • 1880 1st Boer War: Boers (Natives) • vs. British for mineral wealth • 1899 2nd Boer War • 1909 South Africa Act places all • areas under British control • 1931 South Africa granted • independence from Britain • Afrikaners = 75% of population • 13% of land & poor • Whites = 25% of population • 87% of land & wealthy South Africa South Africa

14. Leader(s): • Nelson Mandela: ANC leader • and 1st African president of • South Africa • Steven Biko: anti-apartheid • leader in South Africa • Desmond Tutu: Anglican bishop • and anti-apartheid crusader • who preached non-violence • F.W. de Klerk: military leader & • dictator; seizes power after civil war South Africa

15. Process: • Apartheid: legal racial segregation • in South Africa (1948) • African National Congress created; • political party against apartheid • 1961 South Africa becomes a republic • 1976 govt. crackdown against protests • 1980’s world leaders & nations place • sanctions on South Africa b/c apartheid • 1989 K.W. de Klerk becomes president; • makes reforms in South Africa • 1994 free elections held; Nelson • Mandela elected first black president South Africa South Africa