Plagiarism

1. Plagiarism What is it and how do we avoid it?

2. Goals • Recognize plagiarism. 2. Document research accurately.

3. The Plagiarism NachoIt’s Notch Yo’ Ideas You can plagiarize an entire essay! The Whole Nacho! Section Paragraph Sentence You can plagiarize just one word. Plagiarism is the taking of another person’s ideas or language without proper citation or credit. Phrase One Word

4. One Word, Seriously? • This single word or phrase would have to be pretty special. • Adjectives or verbs that clearly show the author’s strong opinion about a subject. • Extremely clever uses of language. • Statistics that are too hard to paraphrase.

5. One Word, Seriously? Original Passage Kermit the Frog, an emaciated Hulk of a Muppet, was the original, most humble of the Muppets. ---John Knowitall UH-OH! Plagiarized According to John Knowitall, the most humble of the Muppets was Kermit the Frog, not Fozzie the Bear as most would assume (78). OK! According to John Knowitall, the “most humble” of the Muppets was Kermit the Frog, not Fozzie the Bear as most would assume (78).

6. Proportions Scale WHOLE SENTENCE QUOTATIONS SINGLE WORD OR PHRASE QUOTATIONS The black circle is your entire essay. This scale shows you how many of your sentences should be your ideas versus research. RESEARCH Your words, opinions, ideas. PARAPHRASES

7. Quote… Paraphrase Putting research in your own words, but still letting us know where you got it. Quote Use “quotation marks” to show You’re taking exact language. • Memorable language • Words that show the writer’s opinion • Difficult to put in your own words: stats. Paraphrase… • Everything else.

8. What does the Scale Mean? Most of your essay should be your voice. Next, paraphrase most of your research. Then, drizzle in several single word and phrase quotations. Finally, sparingly sprinkle in a dash of whole sentence quotes – no more than one per page of your writing.

9. How Do I Avoid Plagiarizing? According to Robert Showalter in his 2006 book The Rise and Fall of Education, upper level teachers have always complained that kids “don’t know how to write” from the ancient Greeks to the freshmen composition professors at Harvard in the late 1800’s (278). Signal Phrase Who Where When

10. What is a Signal Phrase? • Tells the reader who said it, where they said it, and sometimes when they said it. • Uses an exceptionally STRONG verb.

11. Signal PhraseStrong Verbs to Use • Admits • Confirms • Illustrates • Rejects • Agrees • Contends • Implies • Reports • Argues • Declares • Insists • Acknowledges • Comments • Endorses • Reasons • Adds • Compares • Grants • Refutes • Claims • Emphasizes • Points Out • Responds • Asserts • Denies • Notes • Suggests • Believes • Disputes • Observes • Thinks Hacker, Diane. AWriter’s Reference with Exercises. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008.

12. How Do I Avoid Plagiarizing? • SIGNAL PHRASE PARAPHRASE OR QUOTE • PAGE NUMBER “ (45). TRANSITION BACKTO YOUR VOICE A short phrase that introduces us to your researcher’s idea. Keeping the proportions scale in mind, paraphrase or quote the research. Make it obvious to your reader when you switch from research to your ideas. If your source has a page number, put it in the parentheses. In this excerpt, Georgia Orlando speaks of…

13. Signal Phrase Examples Smith, Sam. “Why Do Kids Plagarize?” Education Weekly. Feb 2007. 45-78. • According to Sam Smith in his 2007 essay “Why Do Kids Plagiarize?”… • Sam Smith in his 2007 essay “Why Do Kids Plagiarize?” cites…. • In his 2007 essay “Why Do Kids Plagiarize?” Sam Smith blames…

14. Signal PhraseOther Information • You must use a signal phrase at the beginning of each piece of research to let your reader know you’re bringing in an outside voice. • Once you mention an author’s full name and title the first time, you can refer to him or her just by his or her last name anytime thereafter. Ex. Cook also states…

15. Signal PhraseReview Who? Author’s full name. When? Include date if you’d like. Where? Title of work or website. Strong Verb – see verb list.

16. ParaphraseSteps Change all the words. Change the original sentence structure. Read, then look up and away. Pretend you’re explaining it to a little kid.

17. Paraphraseput it in your own words Original Passage Human beings are ends, not means. There is no grosser corruption of biotechnology than creating a human mutant and disemboweling it at our pleasure for spare parts. Works Cited Entry Krauthammer, Charles. "Of Headless Mice...And Men." Time Magazine. 24 6 2001: n. page. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. Sample Paraphrase

18. Single Word and Phrase Quotations • After full paraphrases, this is the strategy you want to use second most in your essay. • You still paraphrase most of the original source, but you choose a single word or phrase to sprinkle into your paraphrase. • You still use a signal phrase and parenthetical citation at the end.

19. Writing a Mix of Paraphrase and Single Word or Phrase Quotation Select a word or phrase to quote Change all the rest of the words. Change the original sentence structure.

20. Single Word and Phrase Quotations Sample Charles Krauthammer also demands that America punish those who partake in headless cloning severely, for if we do not the “hell” we inherit will be warranted (70). Therefore, Krauthammer calls for a “permanent” ban on cloning and the death penalty for those who practice this self-serving science (71).

21. Single Word and Phrase Quotations Sample According to Madaus, test scores have the “potential to hurt students” when educators use the scores as the only or the most important basis for making decisions that can influence the students’ futures (93).

22. Quote Worthy • Original Passage • Eleanor Roosevelt is the most controversial First Lady in United States history. Her journey to greatness, her voyage out beyond the confines of good wife and devoted mother, involved determination and amazing courage. “controversial” “determination and amazing courage”

23. Quote Worthy • Original Passage • Human beings are ends, not means. There is no grosser corruption of biotechnology than creating a human mutant and disemboweling it at our pleasure for spare parts. What phrases or words would you select as quoteworthy?

24. Single Word or Phrase Quotation Blend Original Passage Eleanor Roosevelt is the most controversial First Lady in United States history. Her journey to greatness, her voyage out beyond the confines of good wife and devoted mother, involved determination and amazing courage. Works Cited Entry Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt: 1884-1993. Vol. 2. New York: Viking, 1999, 46. Sample Quote/Paraphrase Mix • Blanche Wiesen Cook in her 1999 biography Eleanor Roosevelt, cites the First Lady’s “determination and amazing courage” as Roosevelt broke the barriers of the customary duties of motherhood (46).

25. Whole Sentence Quotation • Use sparingly. • Still use a signal phrase. • Still use a parenthetical citation. Frederick Lane points out that for those not exercising self-control, “the World Wide Web can be a tremendous time sink; no other medium comes close to matching the Internet’s depth of materials, interactivity, and sheer distractive potential” (142).

26. QuotingTricks Make sure your sentence flows. But, how???? Try these cool tricks [Brackets] Use them when your want to quote but want to change a word from the original source. Ellipses… Use them when you want to quote but you need to cut some words to make it fit your sentence structure.

27. Quoting Tricksto make your sentence flow Original Phrase “the deliberate creation of their headless monsters” Ellipses Krauthammer believes that the “creation of…headless monsters” is a heinous act of evil (78).

28. Quoting Tricksto make your sentence flow Original Phrase “Bewaring” [Brackets] Perhaps it would be best for everyone to follow William Least Heat Moon’s advice to “[be aware of] the thoughts that come in the night” (3).

29. Use a parenthetical even with a paraphrase! Praising Eleanor Roosevelt profusely, Blanche Wiesen Cook notes how this dynamic first lady broke the barriers of the customary duties of first ladyship, from mothering to being a dutiful wife (46). You still must include a page number for paraphrases.

30. Parenthetical Citations • The boss of the ranch questions George about his intentions with Lennie, asking if George is “takin’ his pay away from him” (Steinbeck 21). • The boss tells George he has “never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy” (21).

31. Son of Citation Machinehttp://citationmachine.net/

32. Transition Back to Your Voice • After a quotation or phrase, make sure we hear your voice. • Do you agree with the source? • Do you disagree with the source? • How does this quotation or paraphrase fit the larger point you’re making? • What does this quotation or paraphrase mean to you?

33. Sample • The boss of the ranch questions George about his intentions with Lennie, asking if George is “takin’ his pay away from him” (Steinbeck 21).It is clear by the boss’ reaction that he automatically thinks the worst of people. He assumes that George is taking advantage of Lennie. To him the idea of one man looking out for another man out of friendship alone is unimaginable.

34. Works Cited • What is the relationship between the Works Cited page and my use of research in my paper? Relationship: the Works Cited is a list of the sources you referenced in your paper. If a reader wants to find one of your sources, they may look for the clue (usually the author’s name) in your paper and then look at your Works Cited to find the correct source.

35. Sample • Let’s say I had these two in-text citations in my paper. The first is a full-paraphrase and the second is a partial quotation. _______________________________________________ Charles Krauthammer, a former Harvard biologist, also fears that humans will use cloning as an attempt to live perfectly and to live free of sickness forever (76). Amanda Christi, a science writer for US News and World Report, agrees and notes that “people desire immortality” and will do anything, including sacrificing the individuality of their children to get it (92).

36. Works Cited Christi, Amanda. “Genetic Cloning: the Future.” U.S. News and World Report. Oct. 2003. 89-96. Krauthammer, Charles. “Of Headless Mice and Men.” Time. 14 Nov. 2001. 76. Alphabetized for easy finding First item in list should match with signal phrase or first item in parentheses.

37. Conclusion Signal Phrase Quote original language Paraphrase Make sure quotes and paraphrase flow with the structure of your sentence. Use a parenthetical citation, if necessary. Transition back to your voice. Works Cited should match your citations.

38. Quick QuizPlagiarized or Not? Our four friends in the Wizard of Oz finally gain entry to the Wizard’s palace because Dorothy’s tears of frustration undam a quite alarming reservoir of liquid in the guard. His face is quickly sodden with tears, and, watching this extreme performance, you are struck by the sheer number of occasions on which people cry in this film. Besides Dorothy and the guard, there is the Cowardly Lion, who bawls when Dorothy bops him on the nose; the Tin Man, who almost rusts up again from weeping; and Dorothy again, while she is in the clutches of the Witch. It occurs to you that if the hydrophobic Witch could only have been closer at hand on one of the occasions the movie might have been much shorter. Rushdie, Salman. “Out of Kansas: The Wizard of Oz.” Writers at the Movies: Twenty-Six Contemporary Authors Celebrate Twenty-Six Memorable Movies. Ed. Jim Shephard. New York: Harper, 2000. 201-226.

39. Plagiarized? • The sheer number of occasions on which people cry in The Wizard of Oz is astounding. 2.Pointing out how many times characters cry in The Wizard of Oz, Rushdie observes that “if the hydrophobic Witch could only have been closer at hand on one of these occasions that movie might have been much shorter” (223-224). 3. Rushdie notes that so many characters cry in The Wizard of Oz that it’s surprising the Wicked Witch did not get wet and melt earlier in the film (223-224).

40. Plagiarized? 4. Rushdie notes that Dorothy’s weeping makes other characters cry, as when her tears undam a quite alarming reservoir of liquid from the guard in an extreme performance outside the wizard’s palace (233). 5. After watching the guard cry, Rushdie suddenly realizes how often the characters in the play cry. “It occurs to you that if the hydrophobic Witch could only have been closer at hand on one of the occasions the movie might have been much shorter” (31).

41. Write On! Don’t worry; he will not help you.