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UNDERSTANDING BIOTECHNOLOGY. DR. AMJAD KHALIL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS KFUPM. What is Biotechnology.
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UNDERSTANDING BIOTECHNOLOGY DR. AMJAD KHALIL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS KFUPM
What is Biotechnology Biotechnology, by definition, is any technology associated with the manipulation of biological systems, or the product that they made or the process they carry out.
How Old Biotechnology • Biotechnology is very old: - Beer, Bread, and Wine making are centuries old. - 1637Van leeuwenhoek- First observation of live microorganisms through magnifying lenses. - 1665 Robert Hook- First observation of cells - 1800s- Traditional breading - plants and animals. - 1850s- Producing Vaccines. - Late 1880s- Gregor Mendle discovered the laws governing the genetic inheritance of traits by scientific experimentation. - 19940s- producing antibiotics. - 1960s- Producing high-yielding rice and wheat varieties - 1990s- Developing genetically modified plants and animals.
How Old is Modern Biotechnology • 1940s Beadle and Tatum : One gene one (enzyme) protein hypothesis. • - 1944 Oswald Avery and Hershy-Chase: DNA is the genetic material. • 1953- Watson and Crik : Discovered the DNA double helix. • 1973- Boyer and Cohen: Discovered Gene splicing and gene cloning. • 1982 Eli Lilly: First recombinant protein (Insulin). • 1986-Kery Millus : invented the thermocycler (Polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR). • 2001- Human Genome Project.
Modern Biotechnology Refers to 3 Major Concepts A- Molecular Biology: branch of biology that deals with nucleic acids and proteins, at the molecular level. B- Molecular Genetics: The study of the molecular structure , regulation and function of genes. C- Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)
Key Element of Biotechnology/Genetic Engineering is: The ability to use Recombinant DNA methods to move a gene from any organism to any other organisms.
DNA : The Genetic Materials • Genome (carry the biological information) • Genome made up of DNA and RNA molecules. • DNA and RNA are made up of chains of monomeric subunits called Nucleotides. • Each nucleotide made up of 3 molecules: 1- Pentose sugar- 2’ deoxyribose. 2- A nitrogenous base 3- A phosphate group.
Human genome comprises of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides (about 35,000 genes)
Protein Trait (or phenotype) Translation DNA (gene) mRNA Transcription From Gene (DNA) to Protein“The Central Dogma”
Recombinant DNA Technology 2 Key Elements are Required to prepare Recombinant DNA Molecule : 1- Restriction Enzymes. 2- Plasmids - Expression Vectors.
1- restriction Enzymes • Key Elements: • 1- Restriction Enzymes
Gene Cloning/Cont. Allow the cell to grow and then extract the desired product
From Gene to Process Gene discovery Cloning/expression Production and scale-up Engineering the catalyst Application
Applications of Biotechnology • 1- In health Care and Medicine: A- Protein Pharmaceuticals. B- Vaccines and Therapeutic agents. C- Diagnostics- Protein or DNA based: This include – - Immunological Diagnostic Procedures - DNA diagnostic systems – Forensic Medicine - Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases – e.g β-Thalasimis D- Gene Therapy
2- Industrial Applications: A- Chemical Industry , such as fermentation process to produce organic chemicals. B- Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch/grain into dextrin and glucose. C- Enzymatic conversion into sweeteners like high fructose syrup.
Examples on Enzymes used in Industrial applications 1- Amylases: A- Liquefaction. B- Manufacturing of maltose. Maltose is widely used as sweetener and also as Intravenous sugar supplement.
2- Lipases • A- production of carbohydrate esters of fatty acids. • B- food and flavor making.
3- Cellulases • A- Biopulping • B- Cellulases and Textiles :Cellulases are used to finish fabrics by degrading surface fibers to prevent color fading , give jeans a stonewashed effect, or help in the tanning of leathers.
3- Environmental applications A- Better treatments for solid waste and wastewater. B- Bioremediation - cleaning up environment. C- Biomass energy.
Human Genome Project Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. During the early years of the HGP. Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others.
Goals of Human Genome Project were: - To identify all the approximately 25,000-35,000 genes in human DNA, - To determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. -To store these information in databases. • Cost : The Human Genome Project was sometimes reported to have cost $3 billion.
Nano-Biotechgnology • Nanotechnology : Technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular range of approximately 1-100 nanometers to create and use structures, devices, and systems that have novel properties. • Nanobiotechnology is the branch of nanotechnology with biological and biochemical applications or uses. • Nanobiotechnology often studies existing elements of nature in order to fabricate new devices
How Nanobiotechnology Techniques Can Be Applied in Medicine 1- Nanobiotechnology offers the key to faster and remote diagnostic techniquesa and biochips for a variety of assays. 2- Enables the development of tissue-engineered medical products and artificial organs, such as heart valves, veins and arteries, liver and skin. - Applications which seem likely to be most immediately in place are : A- external tissue grafts. B- dental and bone replacements. C- protein and gene analysis. D- internal tissue implants.
CONCLODED STATMENT • Biotechnology is one of the frontline technologies today and considered to be the engine of global economyduring the 21st century. • Biotechnology solve problems in biological sciences for the benefits of humanity, provided high quality education, research, and community service. • Lessons should be learned from the experience of other countries , and to start now is better than 10 or 15 years later.
