Chapter 14 - Section One “Revolutions in Russia”

1. Chapter 14 - Section One “Revolutions in Russia” Why did they occur? • The cruel, oppressive rule of 19th-century Russian czars caused widespread social unrest for decades • These 19th C. Russian czars resisted political and economic reforms, believed in autocratic rule • They were members of the Romanov Dynasty who ruled Russia from 1613 until the Russian Revolution in 1917

2. 19th Century Russian Czars Alexander 1, Nicolas I, Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicolas II On April 5, 1797 Paul I established a definite order of succession for members of the Romanov family. He was murdered by conspirators supporting his son Alexander I (reigned 1801–25), and the succession following Alexander’s death was confused because the rightful heir, Alexander’s brother Constantine, secretly declined the throne in favor of another brother, Nicholas I, who ruled from 1825 to 1855. Thereafter the succession followed Paul’s rules: Alexander II, 1855–81; Alexander III, 1881–94; and Nicholas II, 1894–1917.

3. Case Study: Alexander III (ruled 1881-1894) • Considered the most oppressive • Imposed censorship codes: published materials, written documents & private letters • Secret police spied on schools and universities; teachers made detailed reports on every student • Political prisoners were sent to Siberia • Russian became the national language, forbade the use of minority languages such as Polish • Targeted Jews for persecution and violence, looted and destroyed homes, stores and synagogues

4. Reasons for oppressive rule? • Some characteristics of the rule of Alexander III have similarities to a totalitarian government. Without knowing a definition for totalitarianism, what characteristics do you think those might be? • In Russia under Alexander III, what would happen to dissenters? • At what point is such a strong-handed government no longer viable?

5. Totalitarianism • Government dominates all aspects of life (including business, education, religion, housing, the arts, youth groups) • Use of strong police force to spy on and intimidate people • German philosopher Carl Schmitt (1888–1985) • Why was totalitarianism attractive to many?

7. Noteworthy Totalitarian Leaders • Often dynamic and persuasive leaders who are charismatic and go to great lengths to create the image of nearly universal support • Adolf Hitler (Germany, 1933-1945) • Benito Mussolini (Italy, 1925-1943) • Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union, 1929-1953)

8. Use of propaganda, censorship, domestic spying • Control of media, all opposing views crushed • “Police state,” police terror

9. Indoctrination • Getting to the population young • Using education and pseudoscience • Eugenics • Persecuting and branding minorities (religious or ethnic) as enemies of the state • Genocide

10. Reflective Journal Entry • Why do you think people accepted and even encouraged totalitarian rule following the devastation of WWI? • Respond in 8 sentences using what you know about WWI, what you have learned today about totalitarianism and any outside knowledge that you have. Remember what needs to be in a journal entry: • Theme or question identified (write down the prompt) • Proper format, minimum requirements met (date written, sentence requirements met) • Some context given (explain what piece of history the journal entry relates to) • Your perspective identified (what do you think) • Use of evidence to support your point of view (I believe this because...)

11. Nicholas II (ruled 1894-1917) • Began to industrialize Russia • Encouraged foreign investment and raised taxes to boost the growth of industry (steel) and build infrastructure (Trans-Siberian Railway) • Rapid industrialization created new problems (grueling working conditions, low wages and child labor) Thus, creating several revolutionary groups (Marxist) who wanted change

12. Trans-Siberian Railway: Early 20th Century

13. Marxist Revolutionaries • Based their ideas on Karl Marx • German philosopher and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, anticapitalist works that form the basis of Marxism. • Split into two groups over tactics • Mensheviks: moderate - wanted broad based support • Bolsheviks: radical - smaller in numbers willing to sacrifice everything. Led by Vladimir Lenin fled to Western Europe to avoid arrest.

14. Russo-Japanese War • Nicolas II broke agreements that his country had signed with Japan over the territories of Korea and Manchuria • Japan retaliated by attacking Port Arthur, in Manchuria which was controlled by the Russians • Russians suffered many causalities • This sparked unrest at home which led to domestic revolts Japanese warship in action (1904) off the coast of the Liaodong Peninsula, Liaoning province, China, during the Russo-Japanese War. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

15. Russo-Japanese War Map

16. Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 • 200,000 workers and families protested outside the Czars winter palace in St. Petersburg • The crowd petitioned for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and an elected national legislature • Nicholas II responded by having his troops shoot into the crowd killing and wounding thousands • This provoked strikes and violence across the nation • Nicholas gave in and created the first parliament called Duma, but he later disbanded it Demonstrators gathering in front of the Winter Palace in Petrograd, just prior to the Russian Revolution, January 1917.

17. World War I: The End of Czar Nicholas’s Rule and the Romanov Dynasty • Nicholas entered the war against Germany • The Russian troops were poorly equipped and trained, no match for the Germany army • More than 4 million soldiers had been killed or wounded • Soldiers were demoralized, began to ignore orders and desert • Nicholas attempted to rally support of the nation by moving his headquarters to the war front

18. World War I: The End of Czar Nicholas’s Rule and the Romanov Dynasty Con’t • Nicholas left his wife, Czarina Alexandra, in charge of the government • She became influenced by Rasputin, a self-described holy man who claimed to have magical healing powers • She accredited Rasputin with easing her sons pain who suffered from hemophilia • She allowed Rasputin to make key political decisions in which he opposed reforms and appointed many of his friends to key positions in government • This angered many of Nicholas’s chief advisors who would later murder him

19. March Revolution 1917: The End of Czar Nicholas’s Rule and the Romanov Dynasty Con’t • Women textile workers led a citywide strike over shortages of bread and fuel • Many workers stormed the streets shouting “Down with the Autocracy” and “Down with the War” • This revolution exploded in uprisings across the country • Soldiers disobeyed orders to shoot the protestors and later sided with them • The Czar was now forced to abdicate his throne • His family was later executed

20. March Revolution 1917: The End of Czar Nicholas’s Rule and the Romanov Dynasty Con’t • A provisional government was set up and Alexander Kerensky headed it. • The provisional government still supported the unpopular war and had very little power over local politics. • Peasants, city workers and soldiers formed local councils called soviets

21. The Bolshevik Revolution • Germany helped to facilitate the return of Vladimir Lenin to Russia. • The Germans hoped that this would hurt the Russian war effort. • Lenin and the Bolsheviks soon took control of the Petrograd soviet and many other soviets in other major Russian cities. • Lenin’s slogan was “All power to the soviets” and “Peace, Land and Bread” was very appealing to the masses. Soviet leader Vladimir Ilich Lenin addressing a crowd in 1920.

22. The Bolshevik Revolution In November of 1917 Factory workers toppled the provisional government in Petrograd • Arrested leaders, some disappeared called themselves the Red Guard • Once in power the Bolsheviks ordered farmland distributed among the peasants, factories returned to the workers, • Signed a peace treaty (Brest-Litovsk) with the Germanys.

23. Russian Civil War: 1918-1920 • Many Russians did not approve of the Bolsheviks radical tactics or policies • These Russians formed the White Army which consisted of many different political groups (Czarists, socialists, and those with democratic ideals) • At one point the White army consisted of three separate armies fighting against the Bolsheviks • The Europeans and Americans sent military aid to the White Army. • Led by Leon Trotsky, the Bolsheviks won but Russia was in chaos. • 14 million dead due to fighting, hunger and flu epidemic

24. Vladimir Lenin Comes to Power • Horrible economic conditions, skilled workers fled to other countries, trade was at a standstill • Instituted NEP reforms which allowed pheasants to sell surplus crops to the market instead of government. • Government kept control major industries banks and means of communication, but let some small factories, business and farms operate privately. • Encouraged foreign investment. Russia slowly recovered by 1928

25. Vladimir Lenin Comes to Power Con’t • In 1922 instituted political reforms • Organized Russia into the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in order to prevent the growth of nationalism • Renamed the Bolshevik party the Communist party after Karl Marx’s ideas. • In 1924 the Communists created a constitution based on socialist and democratic principles • However what Lenin really established was a dictatorship of the communist party and not of the proletariat.

26. Joseph Stalin Comes to Power • Lenin suffers stroke in 1922 dies in 1924 • Stalin positions himself to become dictator • Stalin (man of steel): cold, tough, impersonal and ruthless competing with Leon Trotsky for power • Stalin quietly maneuvers his supporters into positions of power • Trotsky forced into exile

27. Totalitarianism • Ideology • Sets goals of the state • Glorify aims of the state • Justifies government actions • State Control of Individuals • Demands loyalty • Denies basic liberties • Sacrifice for the good of the state • Enforcement • Police terror • Indoctrination • Censorship • persecution

28. Totalitarianism • Modern Technology • Mass communication to spread propaganda • Advanced military weapons • State Control of Society • Business, Labor, Housing, Education, Religion • Arts, Youth groups, Personal life • Dictatorship and One-Party Rule • Exercise absolute authority • Dominates the government • Dynamic Leader • Unites People • Symbolizes government • Encourages popular support though force of will

29. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State • Created a Police State • Used tanks and armored cars to stop riots • Monitored telephone lines, read mail and planted informers • Arrested and executed millions of so-called traitors • Great Purge • Turned against members of the Communist Party • Thousands of Bolsheviks were imprisoned or executed for crimes against the Soviet state • Eliminated the Kulaks of Ukraine • Took control landand equipment • Confiscated stores, food and grain • Shot or imprisoned 3 million Kulaks • 6 million died of government engineered starvation

30. How did Stalin…(pages 442-445) • Control propaganda and censorship? • Control education and indoctrinate his people • Limit freedom of religion • Seize control of the economy • Industrial Revolution • Agricultural Revolution • Control daily life