Unit 3: The Enlightenment and Revolutions

1. Unit 3: The Enlightenment and Revolutions

2. During this unit, you will: • Know the key ideas Enlightenment thinkers, Revolutions in Europe and the Americas, and the concept of Nationalism in Europe. • Understand how the ideas of Locke and Hobbes created the enlightenment, and in turn how the enlightenment caused the Revolutions of the 18th and 19th Centuries in Europe. • Illustrate the connections between Enlightenment thinkers, the 19th Century Revolutions and Nationalist movements in European nations.

3. Enlightenment and the American Revolution • Essential Questions: • What were the ideas of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes? • How did the enlightenment ideas challenge the traditions of European Absolutism?

4. What is Enlightenment? • “A freedom to use one’s own intelligence” –Kant • A Philosophical movement to discover the role of society • Cultural implications: • Coffeehouses • Salons • Music- Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Chopin • Art- Rococo and Baroque

5. Voltaire • A philosophe (lover of wisdom) • Wrote Candide, a political satire on European Civilization

6. Voltaire • Defended freedom of speech • “my trade is to say what I think.” • Many of his works were censored as egregious • Formed the foundation for “Enlightened Absolutism” • Scared of Democracy: said it would propagate the idiocy of the masses • Instead, Absolute kings with enlightenment ideas like freedom of speech, press and religion should rule • Will bring about the French Revolution

7. Thomas Hobbes • State of Nature: • People are naturally greedy and selfish. • Is a state of constant warfare without laws or punishment • Social Contract Theory • People will submit themselves to an authoritative figure in order to protect themselves from others. • Only government will secure social order.

8. John Locke • Two Treatises of Government • People are naturally good • Law of Nature- there are certain rights that every person is entitled to. • (Life, Liberty, Property) • Property is a mix of labor and natural materials • People form government to protect their rights. • But, government should be limited as much as possible. • If a government fails, it is the right for people to rebel against that government.

9. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • “Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains” • Like Locke, people started in a state of nature • (perfect and innocent) • As population grew, people formed villages and worked together • (frees people to divide labor) • Invention of Private Property was the root of evil • (with property comes greed and selfishness)

10. Rousseau • Therefore, government was created by contract to protect all people, while still helping the richest and most powerful to stay in power!

11. Rousseau • “The Social Contract” • Felt society placed too many limitations on human behavior. • Government should control the people as little as possible. • Put his faith in the best conscious of the people… or the “General will” • (AKA…. DEMOCRACY!!!)

12. Economics: Capitalism • Review: Capitalism is a personal investment in money or goods in order to make a profit • Less government is best! • “Invisible Hand”- everyone will benefit from capitalism

13. Economic Thoughts • Laissez-Faire • Keep government entirely out of economics • “Leave it alone” • Adam Smith • -Wrote “Wealth of Nations” • Invisible hand (Butcher, Baker, and the Brewer) • Most important thinker on Capitalism (our economy stems from his thoughts)

14. Basic Capitalist Principles: • Goods and services are produced for profitable exchange. • Human labor power is a commodity for sale  LABOR IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE. Goods & Service Businesses Households Consumer Spending Wages Labor & Investments

15. Basic Capitalist Principles 3. Individuals want success and are driven by self-interest 4. Law of Supply and Demand Individuals will produce goods and services that others want, at prices others will be willing to pay.

16. Supply and Demand of Footballs in PA

19. Basic Capitalist Principles 5. Law of Competition • Since there are many people wanting to make the same good, the economy will force a producer make the best quality at the lowest price. 5. Government should interfere minimally with the free and efficient workings of the market • Laissez faire[“Leave things alone.”]

20. Question: Explain the importance of Capitalism by drawing a diagram/cartoon

21. American Revolution • Precursors to the revolution: • French and Indian War. (1754-1763) • Taxes, taxes, taxes. • Growing hostility. • Freedom of Press

22. French and Indian War. (1754-1763) • British versus French for control of America • British recruit colonists for help • Colonists use guerilla warfare and win, while the British use linear warfare and struggle. • Britain wins, but goes into huge debt…

23. Taxes, taxes, taxes. • Navigation Acts- Tariffs on goods coming into the colonies from other countries (Mercantilism?!?) • Sugar Act of 1764 • Currency Act of 1764 • Quartering Act of 1764 • Stamp Act of 1765 • Townshend Act of 1767 • Tea Act of 1773 • Intolerable Acts of 1774

24. Growing hostility • Reactions to these taxes: • Boycott British goods • Secret societies (Sons of Liberty) • Boston Tea Party • Boston Massacre • First Continental Congress

25. Freedom of the Press • Newspapers: • Pennsylvania Gazette • Boston Gazette • Massachusetts Sentinel • Journals and Pamphlets: • Thomas Paine: Common Sense (1776) • The New York Weekly Journal • Poor Richard’s Almanac • Political Pictures:

27. Boston Massacre!

31. Declaration of Independence

32. American Revolution • Lexington and Concord • “Shot heard around the World” • Bunker Hill

33. Northern Campaign • British Strategy: • Conquer as many cities as possible • American Strategy: • Make an army • Defeat the British with as few casualties as possible

34. Northern Campaign • Brandywine • Germantown • Saratoga • Trenton • Valley Forge • Monmouth

35. Southern Campaign • Approximately 1/3 of the South were loyalists. • English Strategy: Recruit loyalists to fight for British • American Strategy: Stall British in South until they win in North, or get help from the French

36. Southern Campaign • Battles: • Savannah • Charleston • Camden • King’s Mountain • Cowpens • Guilford’s Courthouse • Yorktown • http://www.theamericanrevolution.org/battles.asp

37. Two tries at government 1) The Articles of Confederation • First government • Placed too much power in states; too little in the Federal Government • Ex. Taxes, Shays’ rebellion • Constitution • Created more federal control, with a new capital city at Washington D.C. • Established a Bill of Rights

38. French Revolution and Napoleon • Essential Questions: • How did the French Revolution reshape social and political institutions? • Describe the rise and fall of Napoleon and his effect on Europe…

39. Causes of the French Rev. • Politics- Absolute Monarchy • Culture- Society broken into the First, Second, and Third Estates. • First Estate: Clergy of Catholic Church • Second Estate: Nobles • Third Estate: Bourgeoisie and Sans-Culottes

41. Causes of the French Rev. • Economic- • Large population of 20 million. • High taxes on the Third Estate • Starvation and malnutrition of the Third Estate, due to high price of bread/food • Deficit by overspending by the King!

42. Where is the tax money?

43. Causes of the French Rev. • The French king could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal. • A carte-blanche warrant • Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV! • Eliminated in 1790.

44. Start of Revolution -In 1788, King Louis XVI recalls the Estates-General -The “National Assembly:” a congress of the Third Estate

45. The Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789

46. Storming of the Bastille A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. National Assembly and peasants break into the Bastille and gather ammunition, guns, etc.

47. The Great Fear: a Peasant Revolt • Rumors that the 1st and 2nd estates were sending hired soldiers to attack peasants and pillage their land.

48. The Tricolor The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen!

50. Revolutionary symbols Cockade Liberté La Republic Revolutionary Clock