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Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction

Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction. Plant Evolution. Ancestor = Charophytes  member of the green algae. Problems associated with movement to land. Desiccation (dehydration) Gas exchange Support of multicellular structures Reproduction

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Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction

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  1. Kingdom PlantaeLower Plants, Organization, Morphology andReproduction

  2. Plant Evolution Ancestor = Charophytes member of the green algae

  3. Problems associated with movement to land • Desiccation (dehydration) • Gas exchange • Support of multicellular structures • Reproduction • Spore or seed dispersal

  4. Alternation of Generations

  5. Diploid Full # chromosomes 2n All non-gamete cells Can’t be gametes Human = 46 Haploid ½ # chromosomes n Gametes At fertilization become diploid zygote Human = 23 Alternation of generations

  6. Alternation of generations Two Generations: • Sporophyte stage (spore-plant) • Diploid stage (2n) • Produces haploid spores by meiosis • Spores grow into gametophyte containing male or female repro structures.

  7. Alternation of Generations

  8. Alternation of generations con’t. Two Generations: 2. Gametophyte (n) (gamete plant) a. haploid stage b. Male: has antheridia, makes sperm c. Female: has archegonia, makes eggs d. gametes produced via MITOSIS e. Sperm swim f. Fertilization produces zygote g. Grows into Sporophyte

  9. Alternation of Generations

  10. The Liverworts (Hepatophyta) - Marchantia sp. Female Gametophyte Gemmae cups-asexual Archegonia

  11. The Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) Anthoceros sp.

  12. Moss plants – Bryophyta gametophyte & sporophyte generations

  13. See fig 27.12, Russell*

  14. Adaptation to Land Problems associated with movement to land • Desiccation (dehydration) • Gas exchange • Support of multicellular structures • Reproduction • Spore or seed dispersal

  15. Adaptation to Land (desiccation, gas xchge) • Stomata: a. Openings in leaf surface b. control H2O loss b. allow for gas exchange

  16. Adaptation to Land (desiccation,transport) • Stomata: • Vascular Structures a. Xylem-H2O up from Roots b. Phloem-sugar around

  17. Adaptation to Land (dessication) • Stomata: • Vascular • Cuticle a. H2O proof b. prevents dessication

  18. Cuticle (made of cutin)

  19. Adaptation to Land (support) • Stomata: • Vascular Structures • Support a. Lignin in cell walls b. allows for branching and larger size

  20. Bryophytes No true roots or vascular tissue - 2 cm tall Still have a need for water (Repro)

  21. Vascular Plants Dominant stage = sporophyte (Gametophyte hidden) Specialized organs • Roots • rhizomes • Stems • Leaves

  22. Vascular plants con’t. Branching Some contain lignin a. structural support Vascular tissues a. Xylem b. phloem

  23. Vascular Bundles in Monocot stem

  24. Vascular plants con’t. Two types of growth – apical meristem a. Primary growth b. Secondary growth Sperm still flagellated Maintained stomata & cuticle

  25. Lycophyta Psilotophyta Lycopodium sp. Psilotum sp. (microphylls) (stems only)

  26. Sphenophyta Pterophyta – the ferns Equisetum sp.

  27. Sori on the underside of sporophylls

  28. Seed plants Purpose of the seed: A. means of dispersal of offspring B. Survive unfavorable conditions C. Stores food for embryo D. Protection from predators E. Remember “Seedy Side of Plants”

  29. Seed plants (con’t.) Non-flagellated sperm • pollen • Moved by water, wind, insects, and animals • Forms pollen tube for sperm Egg cells a. Called ovules  located inside the ovary

  30. Seed plants con’t. Reduced gametophyte a. composed only of sperm or egg Maintained: a.vascular tissue, b.Cuticle c.stomata

  31. Gymnosperms A. Needle-like leaves B. Found in moderately cold & dry regions C. Direct pollination  ovules NOT enclosed by tissue of the sporophyte (gym= naked)

  32. Gymnosperm Life Cycle

  33. Gymnosperms – naked seed plants Phy: Ginkophyta Phy: Cycadophyta Cycads (Sego palm) Ginkgo biloba Strobili: sporophylls (leaves with sporangia)

  34. Phylum: Gnetophyta Welwitschia Ephedra

  35. Coniferophyta

  36. Angiosperms • Produce flowers, seeds and fruit • Petals  brightly colored to attract pollinators • Dominate the landscape

  37. The anatomy of a flower

  38. Flower anatomy con’t.

  39. Angiosperms con’t. Pollination • Pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates • Pollen tube grows down through style into ovary  releases sperm into ovules (egg cells) • Mature ovary = fruit • Mature ovule = seed

  40. Pollination

  41. Monocots vs. Dicots Mono Dicot • 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons • Parallel vein net-like vein • Fibrous root tap root • Flwr parts in 3 flwr parts in 4-5 • Scattered bundles bundles in ring (in the stem)

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