1. Husserl and Phenomenology

2. The phenomenological reduction • Bracket all your beliefs, even beliefs in the existence of the world. Try to reflectively describe conscious experience just as and insofar as it is given to you.

3. Intentionality • One result of phenomenological reflection is the discovery of the intentionality of consciousness. Whenever we think,imagine or perceive, our minds are always directed towards something other than the particular mental state itself

4. Anti-materialist argument • If two things are indentical they must share all qualities in common • Material things do not exhibit intentionality, but minds do • Therefore minds are not material things

5. Phenomenological critique of Berkeley • Berkeley held that every time a physical thing appears different, it is really a different object, an “idea”. But if we just attend to how we perceive things, this is not what we find. We find that we are taking ourselves to perceive one object, not many. What Berkeley called different ideas are really just different perspectives on one and the same object.