Renaissance & Reformation

1. Renaissance & Reformation

2. Setting Stage • Middle Ages in Europe • Suffered from WAR and PLAGUE • Survivors wanted to celebrate life and human spirit • People began questioning their institutions (especially the church)

3. Italy’s Advantages • Renaissance (1300-1600) • revival of art and learning • Wanted culture of Ancient Greece & Rome back • Led to placing importance on individual • Spread from Italy to rest of Europe • 3 Reasons: • Thriving cities • Wealthy merchant class • Heritage from Greece/Rome

4. City-States • Trade and the Crusades led to growth of Italy’s cities • N. Italy was more urban than rest of Europe • Bubonic Plague- hit cities killing 60% of population • Economic changes occurred • Merchants began pursuing art

5. Merchants Prosper • Smaller city-states • High citizen participation in gov. • merchants dominated politics • Did not inherit power- had to be earned • Individual achievement became important • Medici Family • Cosimo de Medici- wealthiest person in Europe • Bribed ruling council to become dictator • Ruled for 30 years

6. Humanism • Study of classical texts (Greece/Rome) led to humanism • Intellectual movement focused on human potential & achievement • Influenced artist/architects to continue classical style • Education- history, literature, philosophy

7. Worldly Pleasures • Middle ages- rough clothes/plain foods • Humanists • enjoy life w/out offending God • During Renaissance the wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, good music, & fine foods • Many remained devout Catholics • Spirit of Renaissance was SECULAR • Worldly rather than spiritual (concerned w/ here and now)

8. Renaissance Men • All educated people were expected to create art • Patrons- financially supported arts • “Ideal” person strove to master all areas of study • Castiglione- wrote The Courtier how to be that person • Charming, witty, well-educated in the classics • Dance, sing, play music & write poetry • Skilled rider (horse), wrestler, & swordsman

9. Renaissance Women • Upper-class were better educated than Medieval women • Most had little influence on politics • Inspire art but NOT create it • Isabella • Married ruler of another city state • Built famous art collection • Skilled in politics

10. Art/Artist • Brought back perspective technique • Shows 3D on a flat surface • Painters began to paint prominent citizens • Emphasis on individual • Michelangelo- realistic style depicting human body • Donatello- made sculpture realistic by carving natural postures/expressions • Raphael- School of Athens • Leonardo Da Vinci- Mona Lisa & Last Supper

12. Da Vinci • Painter, sculpture, inventor, & scientist • Studied how things work (muscles/veins) • Used finds in art • Best known pieces • Mona Lisa • The Last Supper

13. Writing • Writers reflected their time and used techniques we use today • Many followed example of Dante (Medieval writer) • Vernacular- wrote in native language (Latin) • Writers wrote for self-expression or portray the individuality of their subjects • Petrarch**** • Father of renaissance humanism • Great poet • Wrote in Italian & Latin • Wrote sonnets- 14 line poems

14. Writing • Machiavelli • Examined imperfect conduct of humans • Political guidebook • The Prince-book • Discovered people are selfish, fickle, & corrupt • More concerned with politically effective rather than morally right • Vittoria Colonna • Women writer • Personal subjects not politics • Pg. 43 (read poem)

15. Elizabethan Age • William Shakespeare • The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age • Greatest playwright of all time • Most famous plays: • Macbeth • Othello • Romeo & Juliet • Hamlet

16. Printing Press • Johann Gutenberg • Craftsman from Germany • 1440- created printing press • Some say it was more influential than invention of computers • Produce books quick and cheap • Made books/knowledge available to all people • Most books were religious books (Bible)

17. Legacy of Renaissance • Changes in Art • Drew on classical styles from Rome/Greece • Painting/sculptures were more realistic • Secular works not just religious • Praised individual achievement • Changes in society • Printing press made information cheap/available • Availability of books promoted desire for learning • New discoveries, maps, and charts led to discoveries • People began to question political structures and religious practices

18. Exit Slip 9/4/14 • Who invented the printing press? • What country was the printing press invented in? • How long did it take to make one copy of the Bible before the printing press was created? • What book was printed the most after the creation of the printing press?

19. Causes of Reformation • Social • Values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church • Printing press helped spread those ideas • Political • Powerful monarchs vs. church for supreme power • People viewed the Pope as a foreign ruler and challenged authority • Economic • European Princes and kings were jealous of church’s wealth • People resented paying taxes to the church • Religious • Church leaders had become worldly corrupt • Sale of indulgences (pardon) was unacceptable

20. Martin Luther • Occupation/career- Monk & teacher • Taught religious scripture @ University of Wittenberg (Germany) • 95 Theses • Made public stand against Friar • Sold indulgences-released sinners from penalty imposed by pope • Raising $ for St. Peter’s cathedral • Luther wrote formal statements criticizing the Friar and published them on church door

21. Luther’s Teachings • 3 Principles • People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness • Church taught faith by “good works” got salvation • All church teachings should be based on words of the Bible • Both church & pope were false authorities • All people with faith are equal • People do no need priests to interpret Bible for them

22. Response to Luther • Pope Leo X • Punished Luther by excommunicating him from the church • Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor • Devout catholic • Called Luther to town of Worms- demanded that he take back his statements (Luther refused) • Edict of Worms- Imperial order • No one in the empire was allowed to giver Luther food or shelter • Books were to be burned • Prince Frederick the Wise • Sheltered Luther @ one of his castles • Luther translated New Testament to German • Lutheran Church • 1522 ideas were put to practice • Started a separate religious group (Lutherans)

23. Peasants Revolt • Wanted to use Luther’s ideas in society • Demanded end of serfdom- like slavery • Wasn’t granted- Peasants rebelled • Raided/burned monasteries • Luther was horrified by their actions • Rebellion was put down (100,000 est. peasants were killed)

24. Germany @ War • Norhthern/Southern German princes disagreed on whether to accept Luther’s teachings • War between Protestants & Catholics • Saw his teachings as a way to seize church property and be independent from Charles V • Protestants • Protesting princes • Term describes Christians who belong to non-Catholic Churches • Peace of Augsburg • Granted each prince to decide whether his subjects would be protestant or catholic

25. Henry VIII • King of England • Challenged Catholic Churches authority • Wanted a son • Needed an heir to prevent a civil war after his death • 1st wife gave birth to a daughter (Elizabeth) • Wife was eventually executed • Pope refused to grant him a annul---divorce • Reformation Parliament • Passed laws that took England out of the Catholic Church • Made King/Queen head of the church in England • Henry’s Legacy • 3rd wife gave him a son (Edward)- became King @ age 9 and ruled for 6 yrs • 1533 Henry’s 2nd daughter (Mary) took the throne and returned English Church to rule of the pope---very unpopular • Elizabeth inherited throne in 1558 after Mary dies

26. Elizabeth I • 1st Daughter of Henry 8th • Became queen of England in 1558 • Created Church of England—Anglican Church • Appealed to both Protestants and Catholics • End religious conflict in England

27. John Calvin • Book- Institutes of the Christian Religion • Expressed ideas about god, salvation, & human nature • Men & women are sinful by nature • Predestination • God chooses few people to save “the elect” • God has known since the beginning of time who is saved & who is not saved • Calvinism- people that followed John Calvin’s teachings • Theocracy • Calvin’s ideal gov. • Gov. controlled by religious leaders • John Knox • Followed Calvin • Started Presbyterian church in Scottland

28. Catholic Reformation • Movement to stay loyal to Catholic church • Jesuits • Religious order created by the pope • Mission: • Set up superb schools in Europe • Convert Christians to Catholics • Stop spread of protestant religion • Council of Trent (pg.65) • Meeting of Catholic bishops & cardinals • Agreed on new policies for the church

29. Legacy of Reformation • Social • New religions • Stronger Catholic church • New emphasis on education (parish schools, colleges, universities) • Political • Monarchs gained more power • Development of modern nation-states • Excites exploration/expansion • Challenging of authority lays groundwork for Enlightenment (ch.6)