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Understanding Your Body’s Defense: The First and Second Lines of Defense Against Pathogens

Your body's defense system is composed of physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and saliva, which act as the first line of defense, preventing pathogens from entering. The second line of defense responds after a pathogen breaches these barriers, involving inflammation and phagocytes that help eliminate invaders. The immune system provides the last line of defense with lymphocytes, antibodies, and active or passive immunity. To enhance your defenses, maintain a balanced diet, get vaccinated, and practice good hygiene.

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Understanding Your Body’s Defense: The First and Second Lines of Defense Against Pathogens

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  1. Your Body’s Defense

  2. Physical Defenses • First line of defense • Skin • Hair • Mucous • Cilia • Saliva • Tears • Sweat • Digestive tract

  3. Skin • Protects from micro-organisms entering the body • Open cuts/ sores provide entrance • Cells die and are shed

  4. Sweat • Our body has many sweat glands • Sweat is released to control body temp • Sweat contains acids that kill pathogens

  5. Mucous Membranes • Moist linings around all entrances to body • Covered with mucous • Mucous = sticky substance • Mucous traps pathogens • Mucous is released from body

  6. Saliva & Tears • Contain enzymes that fight pathogens • Tears wash away foreign substances

  7. Cilia • Tiny hair-like structures • Trap pathogens • Help remove mucous from body

  8. Digestive Tract • Moves pathogens out of body • Acids/ chemicals in digestive tract • Mouth/Esophagus/ Stomach/ intestines • Chemicals kill pathogens

  9. Second Line of Defense • Occurs after pathogen enters the body • Inflammation

  10. Inflammation • 1st stage of healing • Increased blood flow to area • Increased size/ temperature/ redness • Caused by dilation of blood vessels

  11. Phagocytes • Blood brings phagocytes & chemicals • Phagocytes = white blood cells • Digest pathogens, dead cells, waste • Chemicals • Kill pathogens & start tissue healing

  12. Immune System • Last line of defense • Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph, lymphocytes • Lymph nodes store and filter lymph • Lymph - fluid containing lymphocytes • Lymphocytes - white blood cells

  13. Lymphocytes • B-cells & T-cells • T-cells • Produce interferon- warns cells about pathogen • Kill some pathogens directly • B-cells create antibodies • Antibodies bind to pathogens/ toxins until phagocytes find them

  14. Immunity • Active Immunity-body creates antibodies • Through sickness of immunization • Immunization/ vaccine – injected with small amount of pathogen • Passive Immunity-passed from mother to child through birth or breast milk

  15. Treatment • Antibiotics – kill living organisms • Treat bacterial infections only • Fungus are treated with cream or topical treatment

  16. Treatment of Virus • Anti-viral can stop a virus from reproducing • Most viruses are fought by our immune system with… • Rest • Proper diet • Water

  17. Prevention • Eat well-balanced meals. • Get enough rest. (8 hours) • Get exercise. (30 minutes at least 3-4 x week) • Wash hands/ shower. • Keep hands out of eyes and mouth. • Have regular physicals/ dental visits.

  18. Prevention • Get vaccinated • Don’t share utensils, glasses, cups etc. • Avoid sick people. • Avoid stress. Use stress management techniques. • Find time to relax.

  19. Questions

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