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Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis. Dr. Meg- angela Christi M. Amores. Cirrhosis. a histopathologically defined condition pathologic features consist of the development of fibrosis to the point that there is architectural distortion with the formation of regenerative nodules Decreased mass and function .

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Cirrhosis

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  1. Cirrhosis Dr. Meg-angela Christi M. Amores

  2. Cirrhosis • a histopathologically defined condition • pathologic features consist of the development of fibrosis to the point that there is architectural distortion with the formation of regenerative nodules • Decreased mass and function

  3. Alcoholic Cirrhosis • Excessive alcohol use can lead to development of: • alcoholic fatty liver • alcoholic hepatitis • alcoholic cirrhosis • Chronic alcohol use can produce fibrosis in the absence of accompanying inflammation

  4. Alcoholic Cirrhosis • Pathogenesis: • Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in US • Ethanol is mainly absorbed by the small intestine • Three enzyme systems account for metabolism of alcohol in the liver • majority of ethanol oxidation occurs via ADH to form acetaldehyde • acetaldehyde-mediated hepatocyte damage • Hepatocyte loss occurs, and with increased collagen production and deposition • liver contracts and shrinks in size

  5. Alcoholic Cirrhosis • Clinical Features: • requires an accurate history regarding both amount and duration of alcohol consumption • nonspecific symptoms such as vague right upper quadrant pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and malaise • more specific complications of chronic liver disease, including ascites, edema, or upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage • jaundice or encephalopathy

  6. Alcoholic Cirrhosis • Physical Exam: • Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly • scleralicterus, palmarerythema, spider angiomas, parotid gland enlargement, digital clubbing, muscle wasting, or the development of edema and ascites • Men: decreased body hair and gynecomastia • Women: menstrual irregularities

  7. Alcoholic Cirrhosis • Lab tests: • may be completely normal – early cirrhosis • advanced liver disease: • Anemia • Serum total bilirubin can be normal or elevated • Prothrombin times are often prolonged • aminotransferases (ALT, AST) are typically elevated

  8. Alcoholic Cirrhosis • Diagnosis: • HISTORY AND PE • Liver biopsy can be helpful to confirm a diagnosis but witheld until abstinence has been maintained for at least 6 months

  9. Alcoholic Cirrhosis • Treatment: • ABSTINENCE - cornerstone of therapy • good nutrition and long-term medical supervision • Glucocorticoids – if no infection • Acetaminophen use is often discouraged

  10. Cirrhosis due to Hep B and Hep C • hepatitis C virus (HCV) • approximately 80% develop chronic hepatitis C • and of those, about 20–30% will develop cirrhosis over 20–30 years • liver is small and shrunken with characteristic features of a mixed micro- and macronodular cirrhosis • inflammatory infiltrate is found in portal areas

  11. Cirrhosis due to Hep B and Hep C • hepatitis B • about 5% develop chronic hepatitis B • and about 20% of those patients will go on to develop cirrhosis • ENDEMIC in southeast asia • up to 15% of the population may be infected having acquired the infection vertically at the time of birth

  12. Cirrhosis due to Hep B and Hep C • CLINICAL FEATURES • can present with the usual symptoms and signs of chronic liver disease • Fatigue, malaise, vague right upper quadrant pain, and laboratory abnormalities • including quantitative HCV RNA testing and analysis for HCV genotype • hepatitis B serologies to include HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg (hepatitis B e antigen), anti-HBe, and quantitative HBV DNA levels

  13. Cirrhosis due to Hep B and Hep C • TREATMENT • Management of complications • beneficial effects of antiviral therapy – chrHep B • Treatment of patients with cirrhosis due to hepatitis C is a little more difficult because the side effects of pegylated interferon and ribavirin • if it is successful, the benefit is great and disease progression is reduced

  14. Cardiac Cirrhosis • Definition • long-standing right-sided congestive heart failure may develop chronic liver injury and cardiac cirrhosis

  15. Cardiac Cirrhosis • Pathogenesis: • elevated venous pressure transmitted via the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins to the sinusoids of the liver • become dilated and engorged with blood • liver becomes enlarged and swollen, and with long-term passive congestion and relative ischemia due to poor circulation • become necrotic, leading to pericentral fibrosis

  16. Cardiac Cirrhosis • Diagnosis • diagnosis is usually made in someone with clear-cut cardiac disease who has an elevated ALP and an enlarged liver

  17. Major Complications

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