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Cardiovascular System: Blood

Cardiovascular System: Blood. Clinical Anatomy Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Department Misericordia Univ. Blood. Liquid connective tissue Arises from hemopoietic tissue: 1. myeloid tissues (Red bone marrow) 2.lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc.

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Cardiovascular System: Blood

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  1. Cardiovascular System: Blood Clinical Anatomy Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Department Misericordia Univ.

  2. Blood • Liquid connective tissue • Arises from hemopoietic tissue: 1. myeloid tissues (Red bone marrow) 2.lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc. • In fetus, liver and yolk sac are hemopoietic

  3. Properties of the Blood • Volume 4-6L (5-6L men, 4-5L women)based on body size (8% of total body weight) • pH 7.4 + 0.1 • 5X the viscosity of water • Hematocrit = 45

  4. Blood Composition

  5. Plasma Composition • 90% water • 10% suspended or dissolved constituents • Plasma Constituents (10%) • 0.9% NaCl + other electrolytes • Nutrients • Plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen • Dissolved gases: O2, CO2, N2

  6. Functions of the Blood • Transportation media • Osmoregulation • Acid-Base balance • Protection

  7. Hemopoiesis (RBC development) • Rate controlled by erythropoietin secretion • Availability of Fe++, folic acid, vitamin B12 and amino acid precursors for hemoglobin production

  8. RBC Production Control

  9. Formed Elements

  10. RBC (erythrocyte) • Lives 120 days • Non-nucleated biconcave disc • 4.5-5.5 million/mm3 • 1/3 of cytoplasm is hemoglobin

  11. Rouleau

  12. Hemoglobin

  13. Hemoglobin Metabolism

  14. Point Mutation in Sickle Cell

  15. Sickle Cell Anemia

  16. Blood Types

  17. Anti-D Blood Typing

  18. ABO Blood Group Summary

  19. WBC Development

  20. WBC Development

  21. Distribution of WBC

  22. Neutrophil Most abundant circulating WBC (55-65% of WBCs), highly phagocytic, 1st to arrive at site of infection

  23. Eosinophil 2-4% of WBC, combat irritants that trigger inflammation, phagocytic for Ag-Ab complexes, destroy worm infections, limit inflammation

  24. Basophil Least abundant WBC (0.5% of WBC), trigger inflammation, contain vesicles with vasoactive compounds

  25. Monocyte 3-8% of WBC, highly phagocytic and chemotaxic, arrive second to neutrophils at site of infection but in more massive numbers, can undergo diapedesis; some take up permanent residence in some tissues (often has a C-shaped nucleus)

  26. Lymphocyte Second most abundant WBC (20-30% of WBC), function in specific immunity, two types: T and B cells

  27. Platelet Development

  28. Platelets • 150-400 thousand/mm3 • 2-4 mcm in diameter • Function in clotting and vessel repair

  29. Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) • Extravascular Mechanisms • Tightening of skin and muscles around injury • Behavior response (elevate, applied pressure) • Vascular Mechanisms • Vasoconstriction (vascular spasms) • Intravascular Mechanisms • Platelets –plug formation and factor secretion (PF3) • Clotting factors (extrinsic and intrinsic system)

  30. Platelet Plug and Clotting Platelet aggregation is increased by the stuck platelets releasing Thromboxane which stimulates vasoconstriction and attracts more platelets to area. Prostacyclin inhibits this and is released by non-damaged endothelial cells The common clotting pathway

  31. Plateletstimulated (TF) (PF3) or (TF) (PF3) (Stabilizing Factor)

  32. Coagulation Summary • Coagulation may be triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic pathway, but in the body the extrinsic path is the one most commonly used. • Activated Factors X, V, Ca2+, and PF3 or TF combine to change Xa into prothrombin activator which catalyzes prothrombin to thrombin • Thrombin then catalyzes Fibrinogen to Fibrin turning the blood into a gel-like state • Activate Factor XIII stabilizes and strengthens the fibrin. • Finally the platelets in the clot contract, squeezing the plasma from the clot. (Clot retraction) • After 2 days, enzymes in clot activate plasminogen into plasmin with begins dissolving clot

  33. Fibrin Clot

  34. Bleeding Disorders • Thrombocytopenia • –decrease number of platelets • Impaired Liver Function • responsible for many of the clotting factors in the blood • Vit. K used as co-factor in many clotting factor syntheses; liver bile salts help in absorbing this vitamin • Hemophilia –hereditary bleeding disorders • Class A (classical) –deficiency of factor VIII; most common hemophilia (83%) • Class B deficiency of factor IX • A & B is sex (X) linked trait; mainly seen in males • Class C deficiency of factor XI –less severe; seen in both sexes

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