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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. The Skeletal System. Functions. Act as the framework of the body Support and protect some of the internal organs Contains and protects the red bone marrow Provides a storage site for excess calcium. Structures of the Skeletal System. Bones Cartilage Ligaments Joints Bursae.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 The Skeletal System

  2. Functions • Act as the framework of the body • Support and protect some of the internal organs • Contains and protects the red bone marrow • Provides a storage site for excess calcium

  3. Structures of the Skeletal System • Bones • Cartilage • Ligaments • Joints • Bursae

  4. Bones • Related Combining Forms • oss/e, oss/i • oste/o, ost/o • Tissues • Periosteum (peri- means surrounding) • Compact Bone – forms outer layer of bones • Spongy Bone – found inside bones – makes them lighter and contains red bone marrow • Endosteum – lines the medullary cavity

  5. Classification of Bones • Long • Longer than they are wide • The shaft is hollow and contains yellow bone marrow • Examples include the bones of the upper and lower extremities (except for the wrists and ankles)

  6. Classification of Bones • Short • Roughly cuboidal • Comprised mostly of spongy bone with a thin covering of compact bone • Examples: Wrist, ankle, kneecap

  7. Classification of Bones • Flat • Made of a thin layer of spongy bone sandwiched between layers of compact bone • Spongy bone usually contains red bone marrow • Used to protect internal organs • Examples: skull, ribs, etc

  8. Classification of Bones • Irregular • Includes bones that do not fit into any of the previous categories • Composed of spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone on the outside • Red bone marrow is contained in the spongy bone • Examples: vertebrae, facial bones, etc

  9. Anatomical Landmarks • Diaphysis • Shaft of a long bone • Epiphysis • Wide end of a long bone (covered with articular cartilage) • Can be identified as proximal or distal • Foramen • Opening in the bone through which structures can pass (ex blood vessels, nerves, etc) • Process • Normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for tendons and ligaments

  10. Bone Marrow • Primary Functions • Red bone marrow forms red and white blood cells and platelets • Stem cells • Makes up all the marrow in an infant • Yellow bone marrow stores fat • Replaces part of the red bone marrow in mature humans • Related Combining Form • myel/o(also means spinal cord)

  11. Cartilage • Functions as a shock absorber and a structural element • Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints. • Protects the ends of the bones. • Chondr/o means cartilage • 3 types • Hyaline • Elastic • Fibrocartilage

  12. Cartilage • Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones where they join to provide a smooth surface • AKA Articular cartilage • Elastic Cartilage is found in the ear and in the larynx • Fibrocartilage is found between the vertebrae and where ligaments and tendons join to bone

  13. Ossification • Process by which cartilage in the fetus is changed into bone • Bone matrix is produced by osteoblasts (-blast means embryonic cell) • Process begins at the center of ossification (center) of the bone • long bones also have centers of ossification in their epiphyses • Osteoclasts reabsorb bone matrix in the interior of the bones (-clast means break down)

  14. Ligaments • Tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that link bones, cartilages, or other body structures together • In the skeletal system, ligaments hold bones together at joints to prevent dislocation or excessive movement • Ligament/omeans ligament

  15. Joints • AKA Articulations • Connections between bones • Some allow bones to move, some do not • Arthr/oandarticul/o bothmean joint

  16. Types of Joints • Suture • Formed when bones are very close togther • Only separated by fibrous connective tissue • Immovable • Most common in the skull where the cranial bones meet • Formed when the fontanels present in the infant’s skull are ossified

  17. Types of Joints • Symphysis • Two bones joined together with cartilage to function as one bone • Only slightly movable • Example: pubic symphysis, vertebrae, ribs to sternum

  18. Types of Joints • Synovial • Two bones held in proximity by ligaments • Synov/o, synovi/o • Movable • Come in different types • Ball and socket – wide range of movement in any direction (hips, shoulders) • Hinge – movement primarily in one direction (elbows, knees, etc) • Covered by a fibrous capsule and a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

  19. Bursae • Primary Function • Cushions areas of joints that are subject to friction during movement. • Basically a fluid-filled sac located between the skin and joint • Related Combining Form • burs/o

  20. Skeleton • 206 Bones in the adult human body • To help organize, the bones are divided into the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton • Axial • 80 bones • Consists of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum • Appendicular • 126 bones • Consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities

  21. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Made up of 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, and 6 auditory ossicles • Cranial bones • Protect the brain (crani/o means skull) • Frontal (forehead) • 2 Parietal (roof and sides of skull) • Occipital (floor and back of the skull) • 2 Temporal (sides and part of the base) • Sphenoid (part of the base of the skull, floor and sides of the orbit) • Ethmoid (part of the nose, orbit and cranium)

  22. Axial Skeleton • Auditory Ossicles • Malleus, Incus, Stapes (x2)

  23. Axial Skeleton • Facial Bones • 2 Nasal bones (bridge of nose) • 2 Zygomatic bones (cheekbones) • 2 Maxillae (upper jaw) • 2 Palatine bones (part of the hard palate and floor of the nose) • 2 Lacrimal bones (inner corner of orbit) • 2 Inferior Chonchae (interior of nose • Vomer (nasal septum) • Mandible (lower jaw – only movable bone of the skull) • Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

  24. Axial Skeleton • Thoracic Cage • 25 bones • Sternum • AKA breastbone • Form the center of the anterior chest wall • 3 parts • Manubrium –upper part of the sternum • Body – middle of the sternum • Xiphoid process – cartilage, lower part of sternum

  25. Axial Skeleton • Ribs • Protect the lungs, heart, liver, spleen • AKA Costals (cost/o means rib) • 12 pairs • First 7 pairs are called true ribs because they are attached anteriorly to the sternum • Next 3 pairs are false ribs because they do not directly attach to the sternum, but they do attach to the cartilage that joins to the sternum • Last 2 pairs are called floating ribs because they are not attached anteriorly

  26. Axial Skeleton • Vertebral Column • Supports the head and protects the spinal cord • Vertebr/o, spondyl/omean vertebrae • Rachi/o, rach/i, spin/omean spine • Bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated by discs of fibrocartilage (symphysis joints)

  27. Axial Skeleton • 26 vertebrae • Cervical vertebrae – first 7, form the neck (cervic/o means neck) • C1 is known as the atlas, C2 is known as the axis • Thoracic vertebrae – 12, form the upper back • Lumbar vertebrae – 5, form the lower back • Sacrum – triangular shaped, forms the lower, lower back (5 bones fused in childhood) • Coccyx – tailbone, end of spine (4 small vertebrae that fuse together)

  28. Appendicular Skeleton • Upper Extremities • Pectoral Girdle • Clavicle – collarbone, connects manubrium to scapula (clavicul/o) • Most frequently fractured bone in the body • Scapula – shoulder blade (scapul/o) • Acromion – extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

  29. Appendicular Skeleton • Arms • Humerus – upper arm (humer/o) • Radius – lateral side of forearm (smaller bone) (radi/o) • Ulna – medial side of forearm (uln/o) • Olecranon process – projection of ulna that forms the point of the elbow (funny bone)

  30. Appendicular Skeleton • Wrist and Hand • AKA Carpus (carp/o means wrist) • 8 short bones known as carpals • 5 metacarpals (meta- means next) • Form the palm of the hand • 28 phalanges (phalang/o) • Singular: phalanx • Fingers have 3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal) • The thumb has 2 phalanges (distal and proximal)

  31. Appendicular Skeleton • Pelvic Girdle • Forms the pelvic cavity (pelv/i means pelvis) • 2 pubic bones, each with 3 parts • Ilium – broad, flat bone (ili/o) • Ischium – lower posterior portion of the pubic bone (ischi/o) • Pubis – forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone (pub/o) • The two bones join at the pubic symphysis and connect with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint • The lower extremity joins to the pelvic bone at the acetabulum (hip socket)

  32. Appendicular Skeleton • Legs • Femur – thigh bone • Largest, strongest bone in the human body • Femor/o • Patella – kneecap • Popliteal is a term used to describe the posterior surface of the knee (patell/o) • Tibia – shinbone, forms the anterior of the lower leg (tibi/o) • Fibula – smaller bone of the lower leg (fibul/o)

  33. Appendicular Skeleton • Ankles and Feet • AKA Tarsus (tars/o means ankle) • 5 short bones called tarsals • Ex calcaneus or heel bone • 5 metatarsals form the body of the foot • Each toe is made up of 3 phalanges, except for the big toe (hallux), which only has 2

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