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WEATHER

Discover the fundamental differences between weather and climate, focusing on atmospheric conditions over short and long periods. This guide details essential weather measurements such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, relative humidity, and wind. Learn about various cloud types, temperature scales, and the instruments used for measurement, including thermometers, barometers, and hygrometers. Explore how these elements interact and their significance to our daily lives, as well as practical websites for further learning.

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WEATHER

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  1. WEATHER Weather vs. Climate Weather – the atmospheric conditions over a relatively short period of time Climate – the weather in some location averaged over a long period of time

  2. Weather Measurements What weather phenomena do we need to measure? What instruments do we use to measure them?

  3. Coe Lake Weather MeasurementsTradition & Electronic • Temperature • Atmospheric Pressure • Rainfall • Relative Humidity • Wind Direction • Wind Speed

  4. CLOUD TYPE REVIEW • These cloud types should be familiar to you. Write down the website if you need to go back to revisit them. http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/SCOOL/cldchart.html • “Cirrus” or “Cirro” – high (base above 6000 m) • “Alto” – mid (base 2000 m-6000 m) • No prefix – low clouds

  5. Temperature • Two scales – Celsius & Fahrenheit • http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/conversions.html • Boiling Point of Water 212 °F 100 °C • Average Body Temperature 98.6 °F 37 °C • Hot Summer Day 85 °F 29.4 °C • Average Room Temperature 68 °F 20 °C • Cool Fall Day 55 °F 12.8 °C • Warm Winter Day 40 °F 4.4 °C • Freezing point of Water 32 °F 0 °C • You must know ABT & ART in °C • You must know the BP & FP of Water in °C

  6. Thermometers • We use a variety of thermometers at Coe Lake • All measurements will be done in Metric! • Digital thermometers • Thermometers with various scale markings that make it challenging for students to read • “What’s Hot & What’s Not?” • “Weatherwise”

  7. Thermometers

  8. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE • Atmospheric pressure (or air pressure) is the weight of Earth's atmosphere on the surface at a given location and is generated by the downward force of Earth's gravity. • Atmospheric pressure depends on the amount of air above the location where the measurement is taken, consequently the pressure drops as you go higher. • Also known as Barometric Pressure because it is measured with a barometer.

  9. Barometric Pressure Unit Craziness! • National Weather Service: • inches of Mercury (inHg) • mm of Mercury (mmHg) • hectoPascals (hPa) • A Pascal is the metric unit for air pressure and 100,920 Pa is equal to 1009.20 hPa • millibars (mb) (same as hPa)

  10. Average Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level • In Weatherspeak: • 29.9 inHg • 1013.25 hPa • 1013.25 mb • In Chemspeak: • 101.325 kPa • 760 mmHg • 1.00 atm • 14.7 psi

  11. Barometers

  12. Rainfall (Snowfall) • Rainfall impacts all of us, from the lack of rain during times of drought to the dangers of flash floods when we receive too much rain too fast. • It is the depth of water reaching the ground, typically in inches or millimeters. • Rainfall rate • Light = 0.10 inches of rain per hour • Moderate = 0.10 to 0.30 inches of rain per hour • Heavy = over 0.30 inches of rain per hour

  13. Rainfall • An inch of rain is exactly that, water that is one inch deep. • One inch of rainfall equals 4.7 gallons of water per square yard or 22,650 gallons of water per acre! Wow! • Measured with a Rain Gauge.

  14. Rain Gauges

  15. Relative Humidity • The amount of moisture in the air relative to how much moisture the air can hold. • Temperature dependent. • Higher temperatures – the air can hold more moisture. (Think about hot, humid summer days…) • Lower temperatures – the air holds less moisture. (The relative humidity might be the same as a hot summer day, but less moisture will be in the air.)

  16. Relative Humidity • Humidity is measured with a hygrometer. • Relative humidity is measured with a Sling Psychrometer. • Humidity measurements can be used to calculate dew point and heat index.

  17. Relative Humidity Chart

  18. Heat Index

  19. Measuring Humidity

  20. Wind Measurement • Wind is the natural motion of the air roughly parallel to the Earth's surface. • It is caused by the unequal heating and cooling of the Earth and atmosphere by the sun, which produces differences in air pressure. • Air tends to flow from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure.

  21. Wind Measurement Wind occurs at all scales. • Global winds (trade winds) • Upper level winds (jet streams) • Synoptic winds (resulting from the pressure differences of surface air masses) • Local (mesoscale) winds (such as gust fronts) • Winds that develop because of geographical features (like sea breezes). • Winds also occur on a much smaller scale, for example dust devils or tornadoes.

  22. Wind Measurement Wind measurements are taken at a fixed location and measure two parameters: • Wind Speed – mph, kph, knots • Wind Direction – cardinal directions; always naming the wind for the direction from which it comes • EX: a SE wind comes from the southeast

  23. Wind Speed – Anemometer

  24. Wind Direction – Wind Vane

  25. What do you need to know? • What are the various weather phenomena and • What are the definitions? • What tool is used to measure it? • What metric unit is used to measure it? • Match the name of the cloud to its altitude using the correct prefixes (alto & cirro) • What are the metric and English (F) temperatures for the bp & mp of water, body temperature & room temperature? • What is the difference between weather and climate?

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