1. Long-Term Memory

2. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Capacity • Analogy: • “Scrapbook” or “treasure chest” • What type of info is stored? • Some think LTM is unlimited

3. However…. STM LTM I just sat down. I had lunch. I got my drivers licence. I walked to class. Years Hours Minutes Now

4. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Coding • One explanation for errors of retrieval • Problems with encoding

5. Long-Term Potentiation http://web.bvu.edu/faculty/ferguson/Course_Material/Cognitive_Processes/Images/LTP.jpg

6. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Retention Duration • Recognition: • Recall: • Experiment 1: recall of Spanish • Experiment 2: recall of spatial layout of a city

7. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Forgetting • Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve http://www.moorshire.com/images/forgettingcurve.jpg

8. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Forgetting • A learning task: Paired-associates learning

9. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Forgetting • Interference • Proactive interference • Retroactive interference

10. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • How does interference work? • Retrieval Cue • Fan effect

11. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Retrieval of Information • Mnemonics • Categorization

12. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Retrieval of Information • Mnemonics • Encoding specificity • State-dependent memory • Environment (context effect) 1. Learn List 2. Testing Location Underwater Land Underwater Land

13. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Retrieval of Information • Mnemonics • Encoding specificity • State-dependent memory • Physiological state • Mood

14. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Retrieval of Information • Mnemonics • Encoding specificity • Spacing effect • Encoding variability

15. The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory • Retrieval of Information • Mnemonics • Encoding specificity • Cue overload • Amount of processing (black:white; black:train)

16. The Levels-of Processing View • Basic assumption: Depth of Analysis • Superficial or shallow encoding • Deeper or semantic encoding

17. The Levels-of Processing View • Basic assumption: Depth of Analysis • Experiment: • Capital letters? • Rhyming? • Fit into sentence? BABY monkey cat fish plate ocean

18. Short-Term Memory vs. Long-Term Memory • Time info stored • Capacity • Coding (form of storage) • Ways info retained or forgotten • Ways info retrieved

19. Suggestions for Studying • Elaborate • Organize • Associate • Take breaks • Match learning and testing conditions

20. Question: • Do lab experiments really tell us anything about how memory works in real life?

21. Reconstructive Nature of Memory • Autobiographical Memory

22. Reconstructive Nature of Memory • Flashbulb Memories

23. Reconstructive Nature of Memory • Eyewitness Memory • Elizabeth Loftus experiments

24. Reconstructive Nature of Memory • The Recovered/False Memory Debate

25. Neurological Studies H.M. case

26. Amnesia • Anterograde Amnesia • Affects LTM but not working memory • Affects memory regardless of modality • Spares general knowledge • Spares skilled performance • Although skilled performance depends on context (hyperspecific memory)

27. Amnesia • Retrograde Amnesia • Temporal extent varies among patients • Most recent memories are most likely to be lost • Spares “overlearned” information • Spares skilled learning