LONG TERM MEMORY

1. LONG TERM MEMORY • Procedural Knowledge • - knowing how to do things • Semantic Knowledge • - knowing things • Episodic Knowledge • - remembering things

2. Transfer from STM to LTM • Importance of processing • - phonological and visuo-spatial processing • Importance of elaboration • - building associations “ All improvements in memory lie in the line of elaborating the associates.” (William James, 1890) • Levels of Processing Framework (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) • - deep and shallow processing • - rule of thumb to improve memory

3. Evidence for Levels of Processing Approach (Craik & Tulving, 1975) Recall letter level word level semantic level DEPTH OF PROCESSING shallow deep

4. Problems with the Levels of Processing Approach * Measurement of ‘depth’ – issue of circularity * Overspill of processing – can we refrain from deep processing? * Transfer-Appropriate Processing – when shallow is good (Morris, Bransford & Franks, 1977) * Contradictory Evidence – honesty vs gender judgement for faces (Winograd, 1976)

5. Value of the Levels of Processing Approach • Useful general rule – intuitive appeal • Emphasized processes rather than storehouses • Highlighted importance of elaboration in memory • Formed a precursor to models of long-term memory