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DERMAL NITRATE TEST ( PARAFFIN TEST )

DERMAL NITRATE TEST ( PARAFFIN TEST ). METHOD: Molten paraffin wax is brushed on the suspect’s hand After hardening it is peeled off. The inner surface of the wax cast is then treated with diphenylamine or diphenylbenzidine reagent.

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DERMAL NITRATE TEST ( PARAFFIN TEST )

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  1. DERMAL NITRATE TEST ( PARAFFIN TEST ) METHOD: • Molten paraffin wax is brushed on the suspect’s hand • After hardening it is peeled off. • The inner surface of the wax cast is then treated with diphenylamine or diphenylbenzidine reagent. • ‘ Blue colour ’ develops wherever the powder residue is present.

  2. DERMAL NITRATE TEST ( PARAFFIN TEST ) DRAWBACKS: FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT • Washed hand • Delay in doing the test. • Weapon is well constructed. FALSE POSITIVE RESULT • Hand contaminated with nitrogenous compounds – Tobacco, leguminous plants, soil, cosmetics, fertilizers etc.

  3. Other tests OTHER TESTS (To find out whether a suspect discharged a firearm recently, or not) are: • The Harrison & Gilroy test • TLC, HPLC, GC. • Atomic absorption spectroscopy. • Neutron activation analysis.

  4. BALLISTICS - SPECIAL ASPECTS • Balling of shots • Bullet embolism • Billiard ball effect • Ricochet bullet

  5. Various types of bullets • Tandem bullet • Tandem cartridge • Souvenir bullet • Frangible bullet • Yawing bullet • Tumbling bullet

  6. Dum dum bullet • Explosive bullet • Incendiary bullet • Plastic bullet

  7. Single entry, multiple exits • Entrance wound present, bullet not found • Unexplained bullets in body • Atypical wound of entrance • Multiple entry/exits (single shot)

  8. Kennedy Phenomenon • Medico-legal evaluation of firearm injury made difficult by surgical suturing or alteration. Rayalaseema Phenomenon • Medico-legal evaluation of a firearm injury made difficult by deliberate mutilation. Eg. Cutting or stabbing through it.

  9. Autopsy procedures • Crime scene • Clothing • Firearm injuries • Precautions • Cause of death • Chemical analysis

  10. SUICIDE More common in males Usually single wound Injury in one of the sites- temple, centre of forehead, roof of mouth, left side chest. HOMICIDE Can involve either sex Usually multiple. Can be anywhere (inaccessible areas & non-vital areas).

  11. SUICIDE Usually contact wound. Weapon near the body Scene – victim’s home Suicide note may be present HOMICIDE Close or distant shot Weapon absent Anywhere Absent

  12. THANK YOU

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