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THE HOLOCAUST

THE HOLOCAUST. On April 7, 1933 Hitler ordered all non-Aryans removed from government jobs Thus began the systematic campaign of racial purification that eventually led to the Holocaust – the murder of 11 million people across Europe (more than half of whom were Jews ). Title: “ Away with him ”

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THE HOLOCAUST

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  1. THE HOLOCAUST

  2. On April 7, 1933 Hitler ordered all non-Aryans removed from government jobs • Thus began the systematic campaign of racial purification that eventually led to the Holocaust – the murder of 11 million people across Europe (more than half of whom were Jews) Title:“Away with him” The long arm of the Ministry of Education pulls a Jewish teacher from his classroom. April 1933 (Der Sturmer Issue #12)

  3. JEWS TARGETED • Jews were the central target of the Holocaust • Anti-Semitism had a long history in many European countries • For decades Germany looked for a scapegoat for their problems • Many Germans blamed Jews for their difficulties (Placard reads, "Germans, defend yourselves, do not buy from Jews)

  4. JEWS LOSE RIGHTS • Jews in Germany were subject to increasingly restrictive rights • In 1935 – Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship, jobs and property • Also in 1935 Jews forced to wear bright yellow stars to identify themselves

  5. KRISTALLNACHT (NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS) • On November 9-10, 1938 Nazi Storm Troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues across Germany • Over 100 Jews were killed, hundreds more were injured, and 30,000 Jews arrested • Afterward, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction

  6. Hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses were torched during Kristallnacht

  7. SOME JEWS FLED • As a result of increasing violence, many German Jews fled the country • However, few countries were willing to take in Jewish refugees • The U.S. accepted 100,000 refugees including Albert Einstein, author Thomas Mann, architect Walter Gropius and Theologian Paul Tillich Einstein Gropius Tillich

  8. THE PLIGHT OF THE ST. LOUIS Many Americans feared Jews would take jobs at a time when unemployment was already high. One example of the indifference to the plight of the German Jews can be seen in the case of the St. Louis

  9. THE ST. LOUIS RETURNS HOME • This German ocean liner passed Miami in 1939 • The U.S. coast guard followed the ship to prevent anyone from disembarking in America • The ship returned to Europe – more than ½ of the 943 passengers were later killed in the Holocaust

  10. HITLER’S FINAL SOLUTION • In 1939 only about 250,000 Jews remained in Germany • But other nations that Hitler occupied had millions more • Obsessed with his desire to “rid Europe of Jews,” Hitler imposed what he called the Final Solution

  11. JEWISH POPULATION 1939

  12. THE FINAL SOLUTION • The Final Solution – a policy of genocide that involved the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population – rested on the belief that Aryans were superior people and that the purity of the “Master Race” must be preserved Hitler was responsible for the murder of more than half of the world’s Jewish population

  13. HITLER’S HATRED WENT BEYOND JEWS • Hitler condemned to death and slavery not only Jews but other groups that he viewed as inferior, unworthy or as “enemies of the state” • This list included Gypsies, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Africans, Chinese, homosexuals, handicapped, mentally ill and mentally deficient

  14. Total Deaths from Nazi Genocidal Policies GroupDeaths European Jews 6,250,000 Soviet prisoners of war 3,000,000 Polish Catholics 3,000,000 Serbians 700,000 Germans (political, religious, and resistance) 80,000 Germans (handicapped) 70,000 Homosexuals 12,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses 2,500

  15. JEWISH GHETTOS IN POLAND • Jews were also ordered into dismal, overcrowded ghettos in various Polish cities • Factories were built alongside the ghettos where people were forced to work for German industry • Many of these Jews were then transferred to concentration camps (labor camps) deep within Poland

  16. THE FINAL STAGE Dachau, gas chamber • Hitler’s program of genocide against Jews took place primarily in 6 Nazi death camps located in Poland • The final stage began in early 1942 • The Germans used poison gas to more quickly exterminate the Jewish population • Each camp had huge gas chambers that could kill as many as 12,000 per day

  17. IMAGES FROM A NIGHTMARE Some of these images are disturbing

  18. The main entrance of Auschwitz Extermination Camp, with its infamous motto "Work Makes One Free"

  19. Buchenwald prisoners in nearby woods just before their execution. (1942)

  20. Jewish women from the Mizocz Ghetto in the Ukraine, which held roughly 1,700 Jews. Some are holding infants as they are forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.

  21. Over 2 million children were killed during the Holocaust

  22. A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution. (1942)

  23. Children subjected to medical experiments in Auschwitz

  24. A truckload of bodies at Buchenwald concentration camp

  25. At Dachau concentration camp, two U.S. soldiers gaze at Jews who died on board a death train

  26. A Nazi about to shoot the last Jew left alive in Vinica, Ukraine.

  27. Dachau survivors on the day of liberation

  28. "They came for the Communists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew.  Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Trade Unionist.  Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Catholic.  Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me." - Pastor Martin Niemoller

  29. “Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust . . . never.” Elie Wiesel, a camp survivor

  30. SECTION 4: AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR • In September of 1939 (invasion of Poland), Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a “cash & carry” provision that allowed nations to buy U.S. arms and transport them in their own ships America sold weapons to Allied nations for cash

  31. THE AXIS THREAT RISES, BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT • Axis powers were making great progress across Europe – France fell to Germany in 1940 • The Axis powers were formidable – Germany, Italy and Japan • Hoping to avoid a two-ocean war, FDR scrambled to support Britain • He provided 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns and numerous ships

  32. U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE • Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending for national defenses and reinstitute the draft • FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940 • The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents during such a volatile time in history FDR pushed for huge defense spending

  33. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated Wendell Willkie in the 1940 Presidential Election

  34. THE GREAT ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY • To support Britain, FDR established a “Lend- Lease Plan” which meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America • America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of Democracy”supplying weapons to fighting democracies

  35. U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN • In June of 1941, Hitler broke the agreement he made with Stalin in 1939 • FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR • German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night torpedoing weapon shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR • FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense

  36. THE ATLANTIC CHARTER • Late in 1941, FDR and Churchill met secretly and agreed on a series of goals for the war • Among their goals were collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas • This “Declaration of the United Nations” was signed by 26 nations FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in Newfoundland waters

  37. JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES • While tensions with Germany mounted, Japan launched an attack on an American naval base • Japan had been expanding in Asia since the late 1930s • Early on the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the largest American naval base – Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

  38. ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS 1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR • The surprise raid on Pearl Harbor by 180 Japanese planes sank or damaged 21 ships and 300 planes • The losses constituted more than the U.S. Navy had suffered in all of WWI • The next day, FDR addressed Congress, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, (is) a date which will live in infamy” • The United States declared war on Japan and three days later Germany and Italy

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