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Exploring the Lymphatic System and Immunity

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Learn about the lymphatic system's functions, components like lymph nodes and vessels, and immune response activation. Dive into immunity types, immunization schedules, autoimmune disorders, and HIV/AIDS details.

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Exploring the Lymphatic System and Immunity

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  1. Chapter 15 The Lymphatic Systemand Immunity

  2. Lymphatic System • Supplements the circulatory system • Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils • There is no muscular pump or heart

  3. Functions • Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue • Transports excess tissue fluid • Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria • Function of spleen • Function of thymus gland

  4. Lymph • Straw colored • Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid • Composition of lymph • Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves

  5. Lymph Vessels • Closely parallel the veins • Right lymphatic duct • Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) • Flows in only one direction

  6. Lymph Nodes • Small structures located alone or grouped in various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body • Trabeculae • Afferent lymphatic vessels • When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated

  7. Tonsils • Masses of lymphatic tissue • Produce lymphocytes • Filter out bacteria

  8. Tonsils • Three pairs of tonsils • Palatine • Adenoids • Lingual • Tonsillitis

  9. Spleen • Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue • Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm • Forms lymphocytes and monocytes • Filters out bacteria • Stores red blood cells

  10. Thymus Gland • Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart • Produces T-lymphocytes • It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin

  11. Animation – Lymph Click Here to play Lymphatic System animation

  12. Effects of Aging • Decline in immune function • Increased risk of infection • Decreased ability to fight disease • Slowed wound healing

  13. Disorders of the Lymph System • Lymphadenitis • Hodgkin’s disease • Infectious mononucleosis

  14. Immunity • When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play • Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders • Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection

  15. Immunity • Resistance varies at different times • Natural immunity • Immunity we are born with • Acquired immunity • Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders • Passive acquired immunity • Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies

  16. Immunity • Active acquired immunity • Natural acquired immunity results from having had and recovered from the disease • Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g. immunizations) • Immunoglobulin

  17. Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6 • Hepatitis B • Rotavirus • Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis • Haemophilus • Pneumococcal • Inactivated poliovirus

  18. Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6 • Influenza • Measles, mumps, rubella • Varicella • Hepatitis A • Meningococcal

  19. Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18 • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis • Human papillomavirus • Meningococcal • Pneumococcal • Influenza

  20. Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18 • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Inactivated poliovirus • Measles, mumps, rubella • Varicella

  21. Immunizations – Adult • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap) • Human papillomavirus • Measles, mumps, rubella • Varicella • Influenza

  22. Immunizations – Adult • Pneumococcal • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Meningococcal

  23. Autoimmunity • Autoimmune disorder • When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body • Multiple causes can trigger the disorder

  24. Autoimmune Disorders • Multiple sclerosis • Myasthenia gravis • Pernicious anemia • Psoriasis • Crohn’s disease

  25. Autoimmune Disorders • Ulcerative colitis • Type I diabetes mellitus • Rheumatoid arthritis • Lupus • Scleroderma

  26. Hypersensitivity • When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material • Allergens • Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock • Medic-alert tags

  27. AIDS/HIV • A – Acquired • The disease is not inherited • I – Immune • Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and infections • D – Deficiency • Lacks cellular immunity

  28. AIDS/HIV • S – Syndrome • Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to signal the diagnosis • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS • HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells • Opportunistic infections

  29. AIDS/HIV • Three outcomes from infection with HIV • AIDS • AIDS-related complex (ARC) • Asymptomatic infection • HIV/AIDS Statistics

  30. Transmission of AIDS • Sexual contact • Sharing hypodermic needles • In utero or at birth

  31. Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS • ELISA • Western blot • Rapid test

  32. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS • Flu-like symptoms • More persistent symptoms • Opportunistic conditions

  33. Treatment of HIV/AIDS • No cure for AIDS • Prevention and treatment have prolonged andimproved the lives of many • AZT • Protease inhibitors • AIDS cocktail

  34. Preventing Transmissionof HIV/AIDS • Limit sexual contacts • Have protected sex • Do not share needles • Clean up soiled materials • Cover wounds • Standard precautions used by all health care workers

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