Chapter 5: “The Transformation of Eastern Europe, 1648-1740

1. Chapter 5: “The Transformation of Eastern Europe, 1648-1740 AP European History Androstic 2012-2013

2. Chapter 5, Section 23 – “Three Aging Empires”

3. Be sure to know the significance of the following people: Leibniz: Bach

4. Be sure to know the significance of the following terms: Ottoman Empire Janissaries Sultan free veto Imperial Diet “Germanic Liberties” Wittelsbachs of Bavaria Hohenzollerns of Prussia Guelphs of Hannover

5. Why were the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Republic of Poland weak in the early modern period? What characteristics did they all share? a. Mid-seventeenth century: b. Three great states emerged:

6. Why was the Holy Roman Empire so weak? a. Reformation and Thirty Years’ War:b. Hundreds of sovereign states:c. Attempts for rulers to increase power:d. Austria and Prussia:

7. Why was Poland particularly weak? a. Diversity and large area:b. Poland’s aristocracy:c. Weakness of central diet:d. No government monopoly of power and force:e. The peasants:f. East Prussia:

8. How was the Ottoman Empire more successful in the early modern period? a. Compared to Poland and HRE:b. Treatment of subject peoples:c. Separation of church and state?d. Relationship with France:e. Christian view of Turkish rule:

9. Chapter 5, Section 24 – “The Formation of an Austrian Monarchy”

10. Be sure to know the significance of the following people: Charles VI: Maria Theresa: Prince Eugene of Savoy

11. Be sure to know the significance of the following terms: Siege of Vienna: Pragmatic Sanction:

12. How did a strong Austrian Habsburg monarchy rise out of the Holy Roman Empire?a. Surviving collapse of HRE:b. The Austrian KIngdom:c. Prince Eugene of Savoy:

15. What were some defining characteristics of the Austrian Empire? a. International representation: b. Two unifying elements:

16. What are the disadvantages and advantages of personal or dynastic monarchy (where the kingdom is defined by what the king conquers, inherits, or acquires by marriage)?

17. Chapter 5, Section 25 – “The Formation of Prussia”

18. Be sure to know the significance of the following people: Frederick William the Great Elector: Gustavus Adolphus: Charles XII: Frederick I: Frederick II

19. Be sure to know the significance of the following terms: Drang nach Osten: Elector of Brandenburg: Junkers:

20. How did Prussia use its small size to its advantage in the seventeenth century?a. Size of armies: b. Sweden’s empire: c. Prussia dominant in Northern Europe: d. Friedrich Wilhelm: e. Frederick:

21. How did militarism infuse the Prussian state?a. Investment in military: b. Use of ruler’s incomes: c. Junkers: d. King Frederick William I: e. Frederick the Great: f. “Remarkable creation”:

22. What are military virtues and values? Are they good ones for a society to have? What are the negative aspects of these virtues?

23. In wartime, what are the advantages and disadvantages of being a small state? What can a small state do to protect itself from larger states?

24. Chapter 5, Section 26 – “The ‘Westernizing’ of Russia”

25. Be sure to know the significance of the following people: Peter the Great: Stephen Razin: Michael Romanov:

26. Be sure to know the significance of the following terms: Muscovy: Volga River: Urals: Caspian Sea: Siberia: Streltsi: Narva: Poltava: Procurator: Synod:

27. How was Russia different from Europe? a. b. Similarities/differences to Prussia:

28. What were the conditions in Russia before Peter the Great? a. Slavic nation: b. Politically: c. Serfdom and manorialism: d. Independent Russian patriarchy:

29. What changes did Peter the Great make in Russia? a. Became Tsar in 1682: b. Secularization of church: c. Military goals: d. Use of new army: e. Built new city as capital:

30. What changes did Peter the Great make in Russia?f. Economically: g. New administrative structure: h. Abolished hereditary succession: i. Requirements of nobles: j. Impact:

31. How can a ruler modernize a backward nation quickly? What are the most important steps to take?

32. Is Russia an Asian country, or is it European? What distinguishes those two adjectives?

33. Chapter 7: The Struggle for Wealth and Empire

34. Chapter 7, Section 31 – “Elite and Popular Cultures”

35. Be sure to know the significance of the following terms: Patois: Volkssprache: Carnival

36. How did the gap between elites and the ordinary people widen in the eighteenth century? a. Widening gap: b: Language: c: Book-based: d: Renaissance humanism: e: Wealth as a divider: f: Beverages:

37. How did the gap between elites and the ordinary people widen in the eighteenth century?g: Religion: h: Vulnerabilities: i: Etiquette: j: Popular literature: k: Witchcraft: l: Fairs and carnivals:

38. Chapter 7, Section 32 – “The Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century”

39. Be sure to know the significance of the following people: “Diamond” Pitt: Laborde:

40. Be sure to know the significance of the following terms: plantation system: domestic system: “cottage industries”:

41. How did the global economy expand in the eighteenth century?a. Domestic trade: more important than global trade (provided larger volume of products); foreign trade also became vital (though it also led to war)b: Urbanization and industrial development: the two didn’t coincide; most people still lived in countryside; manufacturing of goods took place in peasant households (“cottage industry” or domestic system)c: England: similar economic level as France or Russia, although with far fewer people; relied heavily on colonies and slave labor for much of its economic growthd: Dutch: strong in international commerce, weak in politics; banking a huge industry for Dutch as they lent money to entrepreneurs from the wealth they developed over several centuriese: Atlantic trade: spurred investment; more important than Asian trade; increased demand for slaves; nations with largest colonies (sugar) generated the most wealthf: Slaves: number of slaves grew throughout 18th century; England/New England merchants managed slave trade; plantation economy successful because of slavesg: Asian interest: limited; imbalance of trade; colonization of Ghana (“Gold Coast”) to gain gold to trade to Asia; Europeans put trade limits on Asian imports to encourage domestic production

42. Why did Europe become the wealthiest region of the world in the eighteenth century? a. Commercial capitalism: the source of Europe’s great wealthb: Black labor: crucial to British economic system; led to high rise in volume and profitability of tradec: Markets in Russia and Eastern Europe: Russia bought slave-produced goods and traded timber and grain to West Europe; with higher demand for luxury goods from the west, property owners sought to increase production, leading to deteriorating conditions for serfs (the farther east you look, the more likely to find serfdom used to develop products)d: Worldwide resources and labor: contribute to Europe’s wealth; Europeans provide capital and demand for goods, and see most of the profits

43. What were the social consequences of this increase in wealth? a: Privately held wealth: in the west, European wealth was gained privately rather than through gov’t ownership of enterprises; governments depended on taxes and/or loans from private citizensb: Standard of living: rose for upper and middle class (middle class moved closer to the aristocracy in 18th century); larger gap between rich and poorc: Wealthy merchants: married off daughters to noble landowners for dowries; merchants could gain prestige or inherit estates; in France, merchants gained title or government officed: Social stability: 18th century was an era with stability as social classes solidifye: Chances for wealth in colonies: examples such as “Diamond” Pitt or Jean-Joseph Laborde of economic activities in colonies offering chance for wealth, power, influence and following

44. Explain the domestic system. What were the advantages to the merchant capitalist of this system as opposed to the guilds? What were the advantages to the workers? Disadvantages?

45. Chapter 7, Section 33 – “Western Europe After the Peace of Utrecht”

46. How well did the European states recuperate from the War of Spanish Succession?a: Absolutism in Spain: developed under Bourbon rule; improved administrative structure following the War of S.S.b: Dutch: lost prestige and influence in political affairs in Europe; maintained wealth and role as bankers and shippers for Europec: England and France: kings were ineffective in the 18th century; propertied classes (aristocracy) grew both in wealth and influence in government (parliament and parlements)d: Louis XV: five years old when becoming king (1715); regent – Duke of Orleans – allowed aristocracy to grow in political power; parlements gain more influence in 18th centurye: Great Britain under George I: Hannoverian line (German – 1714) with death of Anne; parliament asserted its authority; Whigs dominated the House of Lords, Tories dominated the House of Commons; Stuart partisans (Jacobites) rebelled for the return of the Stuart line of kings (“The Fifteen” and “the Forty-five”), neither was successful, though they did upset the stability of parliament in the 18th century

47. What were the great financial scandals of the 1720s, and how did they come about?a: After War of Spanish Succession: Britain and France in debt from war; In France, John Law’s Mississippi Company accepted debt of France; In Britain, the South Sea Company accepted debt of Britain; companies paid back loans with stock; speculation led to “bubble” in companies, which burst in 1720b: British recovery: faster recovery than France; banking system firmer than France; parliament passes laws prohibiting additional sale of stocks; laws passed to maintain South Sea Company and Bank of England (bailout); no war debt repudiated – British credit solidified; debt was seen as belonging to the nation and was paid off by nationc: French recovery: most debt repudiated – France’s credit was destroyed; nobles didn’t pay taxes, so debt difficult to pay off; private citizens didn’t trust paper securities and put money into land; commercial capitalism slowed; debt was seen as belonging to the king, not the nationd: Parliament in England: cabinet for the king was established, and filled with parliament members; parliament came to make up both the legislative and executive functionse: Walpole and Fleury avoid war: for the most part (to avoid the tax increase or debt that would come with it); however, both would still become entangled in wars, leading eventually to war spreading to colonies

48. Is the practice of growing war debts acceptable government policy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using/accumulating war debts? Consider the war debts of European nations seen in this chapter, as well as domestic examples here in the U.S.

49. Chapter 7, Section 34 – “The Great War of the Mid-Eighteenth Century: The Peace of Paris, 1763”

50. What was the “Great War” of the eighteenth century?a: Known by many names: The War of the Pragmatic Sanction, the War of Jenkin’s Ear, the Seven Years’ War, The French and Indian Wars, King George’s War, Silesian Wars, War of Austrian Succession; war was fought in Asia, the Americas and Europeb: Eighteenth century warfare: fought by low classes (conscripted armies), paid and professionally trained, fought with muskets and some cannons, not fought with nationalist sentiments, deserters often joined the other side, civilians usually not harmedc: War of Austrian Succession: Prussia v. Austria (1740-1748); Frederick II of Prussia (the Great) disregarded Pragmatic Sanction (it was ignored by all the great powers) and attacked for parts of Austrian Empire (names Silesia); Austria supported by Holland and England; Prussia supported by France and Spaind: British victory over French: British defeat French in the colonies; however, agreement was compromise – Prussia would receive Silesia but kept Belgiume: France in the colonies: France shown as incapable of fighting in coloniesf: Austrians attempt at Silesia: Austria allies with Russia and France (allying with France was a diplomatic revolution – the Bourbons and Habsburgs had been enemies for close to two centuries); Maria Theresa’s daughter, Marie Antoinette was married off to the future Louis XVI (unpopular alliance in France)