Vocabulary

1. American History I Unit 3 – A New Nation Presidents: Washington – Adams R. M. Tolles Vocabulary

2. Shay's Rebellion – AH1U3 • Massachusetts farmers violently tried to shutdown three county courthouses in order to prevent farm foreclosure • Washington's first big domestic violent situation, where he put it down – citizens do not have the right to refuse to pay or to rebel

3. Bank of the United States – AH1U3 • The Bank of the United States was chartered in 1791 as a controversial part of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist economic program • Caused a split between Jefferson and Hamilton • Caused political problems for several presidents over the issue of rich vs poor and its effects, North v South on who it helps • Constitutionality of it?

4. War of 1812 – AH1U3 • Madison's War • War between the United States and Great Britain over shipping rights and territory • America's Second War of Independence? • Nothing accomplished except legitimacy • War hero's – Harrison and Jackson

5. Judiciary Act of 1789 – AH1U3 • Created the court system • Established federal district court system • Supreme Court has final jurisdiction in all legal matters • Seen as a Federalist victory or Fed power victory

6. Louisiana Purchase – AH1U3 • Purchase of land from France which doubled the size of the nation and opened the west to manifest destiny • Seen as a turning point for Jefferson because he changed his view of how to interpret the constitution from strict to lose or direct to implied • Characters – Louis and Clark, Sacaquewa

7. XYZ Affair – AH1U3 • In response to French aggression, Pres. Adams sent a diplomatic envoy to France to fix the problem, the delegation was met with the demands for bribes. • US was outraged and many demanded war, but Adams kept his cool • XYZ refer to the three diplomats names being lost to historical recording

8. Tecumseh - AH1U3 • A Shawnee Indian Chief who sided with the British during the War of 1812 • They were defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe which made General Henry Harrison a war hero which would later help him become President

9. Jay's Treaty - AH1U3 • Signed in 1794 provided for the the removal of British troops form American lands and open trade • Highly critized as a weak treaty because it favored the British and did not deal with the impressment issue • Has been viewed as one of the diplomatic steps Washington took to remain nuetral.

10. Judicial Review - AH1U3 • Established the Supreme Court could declare an act or law unconstitutional • Basic idea of Marbury v. Madison • Chief Justice John Marshall

11. Quasi-War - AH1U3 • Fake war - or a war of posturing and words • French and Americans never declared war against each other they did carry out hostile naval acts

12. Alien and Sedition Act - AH1U3 • Passed by President Adams • Alien Acts – limitations on immigration from Europe due to the hostile atmosphere of the time • Sedition Acts – one could not publish or speak negative words against those in government or the government it self • Federalists claimed these were essential for National security – however, their unpopularity did in Adams and the Federalists because of the questionable constitutionality of them • Led to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions introducing the idea of Nullification

13. George Washington - AH1U3 • Revolutionary War hero • 1st President – set precedents and became a role-model for future presidents • Founding Father • Kept the United States neutral • Enforced the right to put down rebellions – Whiskey Rebellion • Farewell Address: Stay out of Debt, Stay out of European Affairs (don't take sides), and stay away from a two party political system

14. Impressment – AH1U3 • British practice of boarding other country's ships and “stealing” or impressing them into a life of servitude aboard a British ship. • Cause of foreign policy strife for Washington through Madison • Cause of the War of 1812 • Suspected the French and other countries of following the same practice

15. Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea - AH1U3 • Ordered by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase for raw resources, Native American tribes and over land water routes. • Famous Guide – Sacajawea; Native American guide who was important to the success of the mission

16. Marbury v. Madison – AH1U3 • 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because Congress has overstepped its bounds in granting the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus (ultimatums) to any officer of the United States • This ruling established the principle of judicial review

17. James Madison – AH1U3 • Originally a Federalist and ally with Alexander Hamilton, a founding father, who believed in strong federal government • Left the Federalists to join the new Republican Party and Thomas Jefferson • Became the 4th President of the United States and led the nation during the War of 1812

18. Embargo Act of 1807 – AH1U3 • Endorsed by President Jefferson, the act ended all of Americas importation and exportation of goods from foreign countries. • Jefferson hoped it would pressure the British and the French into recognizing the neutrality of the United States • Seen as a political disaster – the embargo hurt the American Economy and was repealed months after its passage

19. Nat Turner – AH1U3 • Led a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia • Led to anti-emancipation laws in Southern States • Also, led to a “gag rule”, where discussions on slavery were now outlawed

20. John Adams – AH1U3 • Founding Father who actually defended the British company who fired upon the Boston Massacre • Believed in a powerful central government • Served as the 2nd President of the United States, where he was noted for the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Quasi-war with France

21. War Hawks – AH1U3 • Led by John C Calhoun and Henry Clay, pushed for war against the British for issues of land, expansion, inciting Native American tribes, and impressment. • Cause that led to the War of 1812

22. Treaty of Ghent – AH1U3 • Ended the War of 1812 • Nothing much gained – did normalize relations with the England the United States • Help to create an atmosphere of Nationalism and the Era of Good Feelings

23. Whiskey Rebellion – AH1U3 • Due to high excise tax on whiskey and grain pushed by Alexander Hamilton, violence broke out in Pennsylvania by farmers who were hard press to pay the tax • Seen as a direct challenge to the new Constitution • President Washington crush the small rebellion, empathizing the power of the new government.

24. Hartford Convention – AH1U3 • Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which they outlined several complaints against the ruling Republican Party • A perceived victory in the war turned many agaisnt the Federalists, whose actions in Hartford were seen as traitorous

25. John Marshall – AH1U3 • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835 • Under his leadership the Court became a powerful branch of the government • Key in deciding numerous cases which outlined personal liberties and supported the Constitution.

26. Non-Intercourse Act – AH1U3 • After the repeal of the Embargo Act, this 1809 law restricted trade with Britain and France only, opening up trade with all other foreign ports, • President Thomas Jefferson

27. Proclamation of American Neutrality – AH1U3 • President Washington issued this proclamation in 1793, declaring the United States would not side with either France (South: Pro-French) or England (North: Pro-British) in their current war or political problems.

28. Battle of New Orleans – AH1U3 • This battle in New Orleans actually took place after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent which officially ended the War of 1812 • Word did not reach General Jackson until after the battle • The Battle made Jackson a hero for taking a band of misfits and beating the powerful British Redcoats

29. Battle of Tippecanoe – AH1U3 • This battle in the War of 1812 was led by future President Henry Harrison where US forces defeated Shawnee (Tecumseh and Little Turtle) and British forces in Ohio and Indiana. • Made Harrison a war hero

30. Macon's Bill No. 2 – AH1U3 • James Madison's 1810 ploy to induce either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. • Under the bill, it promised that if one country agreed to free trade with the US, sanctions would be reimposed against the other. • Not successful

31. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – AH1U3 • James Madison's 1810 ploy to induce either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. • Under the bill, it promised that if one country agreed to free trade with the US, sanctions would be reimposed against the other. • Not successful

32. Cotton Gin – AH1U3 • Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin separated the fibers from the seeds • Basically made Slavery Profitable, creating an economic cotton boom in the South – refer to as King Cotton