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Organic MACROMOLECULES

Macromolecules are large and complex structures essential for living organisms, made up of CHONPS (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) atoms. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, formed by linking small units called monomers into long chains known as polymers. Through processes like dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, we assemble and breakdown these molecules in our bodies. This cycle facilitates the conversion of nutrients into usable forms for cellular functions and is crucial for maintaining life. Explore the fascinating interconnections of digestion and synthesis!

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Organic MACROMOLECULES

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  1. Organic MACROMOLECULES Large & complex CHONPS atoms • CELLULOSE polypeptide polysaccharide

  2. carbohydrates nucleic acids proteins See any patterns? lipids

  3. Macromolecules are made by linking together repeated small molecules each link = monomer chain = polymer Each link is a monomer The chain is a polymer Gr: mono- one poly- many

  4. Ex: chains of simple sugars, like glucose, create complex carbohydrates, like starch monomer = glucose polymer = starch

  5. CHEMICAL DIGESTION Polymer -> monomers • make small enough to diffuse from gut to bloodstream • make raw materials available for assembly into new molecules • aided by enzymes (-ase), gut microbiota

  6. Water breaks the bonds of a polymer HYDROLYSIS polymer add water dimer octet rule satisfied add water http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

  7. Building polymers is a DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS reaction water covalent bonding creating a disaccaride water peptide bonding of amino acids

  8. building a polypeptide Protein synthesized via dehydration water molecule removed

  9. Complementary processes what we eat what our cells need Find that graphic with digestion to monomers, then monomer used to assemble polymers needed by the body! hydrolysis dehydration breaking down digestion synthesize needed molecules raw materials

  10. A macromolecule reflects a hierarchy: CHNOPS Carbon (4 bonds) add H (organic Hydrocarbon) add Functional Group(s) (hydrophyllic) Monomer* (some are isomers) Dehydration rxn (between monomers) Polymer** *glucose, animo acid, nucleotide… **Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic Acid, Lipid^ ^2+ subunits, not a monomer

  11. Repeating monomers build polymers: CARBOHYDRATE monosaccharide simple sugar disaccharide complex sugar polysaccharide starch, glycogen cellulose

  12. Repeating monomers build polymers: PROTEIN polypeptide amino acid

  13. Repeating monomers build polymers: NUCLEIC ACID nucleic acid nucleotide

  14. two + subunits: lipids fatty acid glycerol

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