1. Large Scale Topographic Mapping in Indonesia Dr. Ade K. Mulyana Aldino Rizaldy Edwin Hendrayana Center for Topographic Mapping and Toponyms Geospatial Information Agency Indonesia

2. Background • Law No.4/2011 on Geospatial Information mandates a.o.: • Transformation from BAKOSURTANAL (National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping) into BIG (Geospatial Information Agency) • BIG to provide topographic maps as base maps for all thematic maps at small, medium dan large scales • Large scale mapping: 1:10,000 1:5,000 1:2,500 and 1:1,000

3. Land area of Indonesia: 1.9 million km2 • Prioritization: large scale mapping only for the urban area • At 1:5.000, # sheets for city area (non-district) is more than 15,000. • Capital of provinces • Other cities in need of Detailed Spatial Planning

4. Large Scale Topographic Mapping Projects • Loan from JICA (Japan) 2011-2014: • 4 cities at 1:10,000 (123 sheets ~2600 km2) • Performed by a Japanese company • Part of NSDI project (1:50K and 1:10K) • National Budget, 2013: • 4 cities at 1:10,000 (131 sheets) • 1 city at 1:5,000 (98 sheets) • Performed by 3 Indonesian companies • National Budget, 2012: • 6 cities at 1:10,000 (131 sheets) • Performed by 2 Indonesian companies

5. 2012 1:10.000

6. Makassar

7. Pare Pare

8. Manado, Tomohon, Bitung

9. Gorontalo

10. 1:10.000 Digital PhotogrammetryProject Specification • Ground Control Point (GCP): • 20 cm planimetric accuracyand 15 cm vertical accuracy • GCP must be signalized • GCP distribution: in the center and in the corner of the block, as well as along the perimeter. • Independent Check Point (ICP) must be distributed for each mapsheet. • Photos: • Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) 20 cm • Overlap/sidelap 60%/30% for flat area, and 70%/40% for mountainous area • Camera must be equipped with GNSS/IMU • Flight plan: Crossflightis mandatory • Aerial Triangulation (AT): • sigma naught of 10 micron and GCP PlanimetricRMSE 1 m; Vertical RMSE 0.5 m • Topographic map compilation: • Stereoplotting is conducted to produce masspoint, spotheght and breakline • DEM building from masspoint, spotheight and breakline • Contour will be generated from DEM • Feature collection threshold is 5 m

11. 1:10.000 LIDARProject Specification • Density of point cloud is ≥ 4 points/m2 • Three return per pulse must be recorded include first return and last return • ≤ 20 cm of vertical RMSE LIDAR • GSD 12 cm for orthoimage • LIDAR system must be included with GNSS/IMU • Filtering or classification must be performed to post-processing LIDAR raw data to create Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM)

12. 2013 1:5.000

13. 1:5.000Project Specification • Ground Control Point (GCP): • 20 cm planimetric accuracyand 15 cm vertical accuracy • GCP must be signalized • GCP distribution: in the center and in the corner of the block, as well as along the perimeter. • Independent Check Point (ICP) must be distributed for each mapsheet. • Photos: • Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) 15 cm • Overlap/sidelap 60%/30% for flat area, and 70%/40% for mountainous area • Camera must be equipped with GNSS/IMU • Flight plan: Crossflight is mandatory • Aerial Triangulation (AT): • sigma naught of 10 micron and GCP PlanimetricRMSE 0.5 m; Vertical RMSE 0.3 m • Topographic map compilation: • Stereoplotting is conducted to produce masspoint, spotheght and breakline • DTM building from masspoint, spotheight and breakline • Contour will be generated from DTM • Feature collection threshold is2.5 m

14. GCP Measurement

15. GCP Measurement Signalized GCP / ICP

16. Flight Result(Camera Exposure) CROSS LINE CROSS LINE

17. Image Result(Makassar, GSD 12 cm)

18. Orthomosaic Image Result(Manado, GSD 12 cm)

19. DSM Result(Manado, 16 cm resolution)

20. Accuracy Test (Manado)12 cm GSD LIDAR + Medium Format Camera Leica ALS70 + RCD30 32 ICP’s RMSEx = 0.263 m RMSEy = 0.320 m RMSEz = 0.654 m Horizontal Accuracy 0.717 m Vertical Accuracy 1.283 m

21. Accuracy Test (Pare Pare)12 cm GSD Medium Format Camera Leica RCD30 15 ICP’s RMSEx = 0.079 m RMSEy = 0.090 m RMSEz = 0.412 m Horizontal Accuracy 0.207 m Vertical Accuracy 0.808 m

22. Accuracy Test (Medan)25 cm GSD Large Format Camera Vexcel Ultracam-X 18 ICP’s RMSEx = 0.234 m RMSEy = 0.267 m RMSEz = 0.483 m Horizontal Accuracy 0.614 m Vertical Accuracy 0.947 m

23. Digital Elevation Models of Makassar Source: Digital Aerial Photographs, June 2012 Processing Method: Digital Photogrammetry Purpose: Topographic Mapping at 1:10,000

24. Topographic Mapping Process

26. Challenges • Human resources • Standards and Project Specification • Data Acquisition • Camera and LIDAR equipment availability • Aircraft availability: • Weather (rain and cloud) and terrain condition