1 / 26

1 Sounding the Deep

Delve into the historical milestones, technological advancements, and hypothesis testing in marine biology. From Aristotle to modern deep-diving submarines, discover the intriguing world beneath the ocean's surface.

jthayer
Télécharger la présentation

1 Sounding the Deep

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 1 Sounding the Deep Notes for Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology By Jeffrey S. Levinton

  2. Marine Biology-components • Functional Biology - How an organism carries out basic functions, e.g., reproduction • Ecology - Factors involved in distribution and abundance of organisms • Biodiversity - Controls on the number of species

  3. Historical Background • Aristotle (384-327 B.C.) and peers - Birth of natural history observation • Linnaeus (1707-1778) - First systematic classification, identification of species • Georges Cuvier (1769 -1832) - Generalized classification of animals

  4. Historical background • 19th century - Important time for development of marine biology • Edward Forbes (1815-1854) - Beacon sailed on Mediterranean, developed Azoic theory (no life deeper than 300 f = 1800 feet), first marine scientific hypothesis! • Michael Sars, 1850, disproved the Azoic theory

  5. Historical background • Charles Darwin (1809-1881) - Voyage of the Beagle, circumnavigated world, theory of coral reef subsidence (drilling in Enewetak partially confirmed hypothesis), barnacle classification • W.B. Carpenter and C. Wyville Thomson - Started large oceanogr. Cruises, Lightning, also falsified the Azoic theory

  6. Historic Background 4 • H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876), led by Wyville Thomson and John Murray, all seas but Arctic [F] • Challenger - tested Haeckel’s Bathybius theory (primordial slime), disproven • Other late 19th century voyages, including ones by Prince Albert I of Monaco, who founded Oceanographic Institute, later led by Jacques Cousteau

  7. Historical Background 5 • 20th century - Founding of Scripps Inst. Of Oceanography (1903), Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. (1930) - led to American superiority in ocean science • Late 19th century to 20th century: Founding of numerous marine stations (e.g., Naples, Friday Harbor Labs, Washington);

  8. Historical Background 6 • 20th century - advances in technology, especially in vessels • Deep-diving submarines, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) • Navigation and deep-water sampling • SCUBA diving • Ocean observatories, permanent stations connected to shore with optical cable

  9. Knorr, Research ship of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

  10. Alvin, deep-diving submersible, ported in Woods Hole, MA

  11. Ventana, an ROV used by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

  12. Ocean Observatory scheme for Monterey Bay

  13. Hypothesis Testing • Science involves devising questions that are later explored by tests of hypotheses • What are hypotheses? Statements that are subject to testing. • What is a test? This is a difficult subject. But if you state a hypothesis and its prediction turns out to be wrong, the hypothesis is falsified.

  14. Hypothesis Testing • A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested: • Which of the following are testable: • Temperature increases the rate of oxygen consumption of crabs. • Mermaids can never be observed but they exist.

  15. Hypothesis Testing • What is a test? Experiments preferred but distributional tests may be the only way to study certain things. • Experiment or distribution? • 1. Crabs fail to see in the red end of the visible spectrum • 2. Diversity declines near a power plant

  16. Null Hypothesis and Field Experiments • Null hypothesis: There is no difference in predation rate on the lower and upper shore Objective of Experiment: Is predation more intense on the lower shore, where we believe predators are more common, than on the upper shore?

  17. Vertical rock face on a rocky shore of British Columbia, Canada. Note seastars below mussels

  18. Rocky shore predators

  19. FIELD EXPERIMENT ON PREDATION HIGH Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage LOW Caging experiment, showing fully caged experimental condition, with three types of controls - BARNACLE OR MUSSEL LARVAE CAN ENTER CAGES, PREDATORS CANNOT GET IN FROM SIDE Place on upper shore and lower shore

  20. Low Hi = high density = low barnacle or mussel density HIGH Hi Hi Hi Hi Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage Hi Hi Low Low Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage LOW Caging experiment, showing fully caged experimental condition, with three types of controls Place on upper shore and lower shore

  21. Low Hi = high density = low barnacle density HIGH Hi Hi Hi Hi Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage Hi Hi Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage LOW Starfish got into uncaged and top-only treatment

  22. Life Habits of Marine Organisms

  23. Depth-Habitat Terms Intertidal vs. Subtidal Continental shelf = Neritic vs. Oceanic = Pelagic Epipelagic = Pelagic environments, 0-200 m depth Mesopelagic = 200 - 1000 m depth Bathyal = 1000 - 4000 m depth Abyssal = 4000 - 6000 m depth Hadal = trenches = > 6000 m depth

  24. The End

More Related