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Unit-III Comparative Readings in Contemporary Political Systems

Unit-III Comparative Readings in Contemporary Political Systems. Culture & Politics Political System Regime Change East Asian Cases: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia Japan & China South Asia By: Rajib Timalsina. Political-Anthropological Position. (427-347BC) Plato

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Unit-III Comparative Readings in Contemporary Political Systems

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  1. Unit-III Comparative Readings in Contemporary Political Systems • Culture & Politics • Political System • Regime Change • East Asian Cases: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia • Japan & China • South Asia By: RajibTimalsina Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  2. Political-Anthropological Position (427-347BC) Plato Universal Moral order & best form of State 13,000 Years Ago: Warmer; Taming Animals 2 Million Years Ago: Gatherers 32,000 Years Ago: Hunters 100,000 Years Ago: ICE AGE 7,000 Years Ago: Stone Crafts (384 BC) Aristotle: Politics= natural Concept of Citizen Forms of Govts. 30,000 Years Ago: Clans & Communities 1690: Locke’s Two Treaties on Govt. French Rev..; Independence of US; Communist Manifesto; WWI; WWII; UN; Post-colonial; “Development Discourse” 1648: The Treaty of Westphalia 1762: Rousseau’s Social Contract 1651: Leviathan (The Hobbes’ Idea of State) Cold War; 1970s: Said’sOrientalism & Foucault’s Power (Post-modernism) Unit-3 Culture & Politics Based F. Korovkin and III Sem Syllabus

  3. Breakdown of USSR • Agenda for Peace 1992 • War Against Terrorism- Aftermath of 2001 • Universal vs. Cultural Relativism • Culture and Political Assumptions *Weber: Reln Democracy & Christianity * Aristotle: Fertile Democracy in Greece * Heartland Theory (in cold and core area) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  4. Primitive Power (eg.:L. W. Pye) Power (eg. : Various defns) Micro-power + Governmentality (eg. : Foucault) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  5. Aristotle’s Forms of Governments (See page 69-70 of Aristotle’s Politics) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  6. Primitive Power Vs. Micro-power Primitive State Vs. Modern State Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  7. Components of Political Systemsa) Rulers/ political leadersb) Subjects/ citizensc) Principles (ideology){without ideology, no state can exist} Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  8. Ethnicity Nation Culture and Politics Pan-Nationalism State Transnational Nationalism Nation-State Multi-nation-state Semi-nation-state State-Nation ?? Single-nation-state {Main points from: Berghart, R. (1996)} Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  9. Max Weber “State as legitimate institution having monopoly of violence” *Grounds of Legitimacy* • Traditional Ground (eg. Monarchy) / More Cultural ?????? *Based on ritual & personal loyalty * Role as an Institution (No matter who is?) b. Rational Legal Ground (eg. Elected Govt.) c. Charismatic Ground (eg. From RevlnorSocial mvmnts) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  10. Samuel P. Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations “Cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable & hence less easily compromised and resolved than political, economic ones.” Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  11. Case- I (Japan)Jansen, M.B.,(2002), “The Opening to the World- Imperial Japan”, page. 257-445. • Meiji State: meaning “enlightened rule”, “period represents Empire of Japan during which society moved from isolated feudalism to modern. changes affected its social structure, internal politics, economy, military, and foreign relations” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period, ) • Restoration Period of Japan (1868 to 1912) Contributions: • Matsukata Economics • Struggle for Political Participation • The Meiji Constitutions • The Imperial Army • The Meiji Education • Role of Meiji Leaders Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  12. Case-ii (China; a)Fairbank, J. K., and Goldman M., (2001), “Post-Mao Reform Era”, page 406-450. Changes: • influx of FDI & Western as well as Japanese Firms • involvement in int’l trade & eco. Modernization • Collective and Private enterprizes • Political Reform under Deng Xioping (limited reform) • Collective decision making process • Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Concept • Shenzhen betn Guangdong and HK • Outside world & eco. Reform • Labor mobility from country-side to industrial area • Increased Banking system • Role of Non-state sector, Foreign JVs, Communal-private-local ownership • Increased “minimal state”/ or limited govt. • Power delegation from central to local authority Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  13. Case-ii (China; b) Fairbank, J. K., and Goldman M., (2001), “Epilogue: China at the Close of the Century”, page 451-457. At the turn of the Century (1990s) • Eco. Reforms • Dream : “Rich and Powerful” ------ Century old dream reviving • Greater Int’l presence • Current Challenges • Workers’ demonstrations • Farmers’ protests • Riot of migrant laborers • Increasing ecological damages • weakened party role and capacity • Int’l pressure • [More control over eco-cultural actvs, threatening to state capacity] Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  14. Case-iii (East Asia: a.) Vogel, Ezra F., (1991), “The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia”. • *Confucianism* • Confucius: an intellectual admired in East Asia • Power--- Ethics+MoralityValues+FamilyReln+Cultivation • {Key Success lies in Confucianism in East Asia} • *East Asian Periphery* • Japan and Four Little Dragons ( South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong kong/ sometimes Malaysia?) • Max Weber’s view for East Asia: • Mixed (Capitalism+Confucian ethics) transform society to industrial • Teach how to achieve success • Unique time period and identifying appropriate sector toinvest • Success Occurred under: old Confucian style govt+ neo-confucianism society Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  15. Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  16. Situational Factors • Massive Aid From US • Destruction of the old Order • Sense of political and Economic Urgency • Eager and Plentiful Labor Force • Familiarity with Japanese model of Success Major New Trends/ Challenges * End of Cheap Labor * Accumulation of Financial assets * Growth of finance and other services * Growing cost * More Vocal Public (demanding with greater voice) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  17. Case-iv (East Asia: b.) Pye, Lucian W., (1985), “ East Asia: Varieties of Confucian Authority”, pp. 55-89. Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  18. Case-v (Asia) Pye, Lucian W., (1985), “ The Evolution of Asian concept of Power”, pp. 31-54. Defn of Power: “The point about power is not who has it, but that nobody should have too much of it because power is bad thing.” • *Primitive Power: “Primitive power is the crude, brutal use of force to intimidate.” • -----“Relation of “Primitive power” and “government”---- • (why Govt. needed?)” • Difference betnAsian Concept of Power and Western Concept of Power • * Stages/Development of Asian Concept of Power • Power as Ritual • Power as ethical, moral and social order • Power as support of cosmic order • Status as Substitute of Power (Ritual becomes Status & Status become Power) • High Status Role (Power as performing high-status role) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  19. Case-vi (South Asia)Pye, Lucian W., (1985), “ The South Asia Subcontinent: Hindu and Muslim Power and the rewards of Narcissism”, pp. 133-157. * Buddhism, Hindu and Muslim Cultural impacts Hindu Concept # Caste System and Varna System * Hindu Thought & Ruler: Kshatriyas (Second position, but Govern) -- Punishment for order (role of fear) -- blurred reln between state and religion # Six functions (dharma) of God-King/Ruler/ State To protect the people from dangers To maintain law and use of land To uphold social order To levy taxes To promulgate laws and resolve Conflicts To promote people’s happiness by performing rituals ‘DandaNeiti’, Legimate Violence (create fear), For Gandhi: moral power as supreme force of power (Non-violence) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  20. Muslim Concept # The Creed: the prophet’s word # The Book: The Koran, precise text # The Brotherhood: The Principle The Din • More than Hindu’s dharma • all have fixed nature, determined by divine power • Sense of unity of the universe (But Hindu acceptance of diversity) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  21. Islam # Sacred Authority # Sacred Power Hindu # Secular Authority # Sacred Power Confucian # Sacred Authority # Secular Power Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  22. Group Work 1 i) Unitary, Confederate and Federal States ii) Theocracies and Modern States iii) Parliamentary and Presidential System iv) Minimal Sate and Welfare State v) Socialist State and Liberal State vi) Protective, Independent (Sovereign), Suzerainty State Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  23. * Defining Regime Group Work 2 i) Changing Pattern (How Changes Took Place) ii) Reasons for Regime Change iii) Conditions of State for Regime Change Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  24. Key Points • Political System and Different Forms • Traditional and Modern Categorization of Political System • Regime Change • Relation of Culture and Politics • Primitive Power, Power and Micro-power • Concept of Nation-state • Basis of Legitimacy • Political System in comparison with Hindu, Muslim and Confucian culture Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  25. 9. Meiji State/ Causes of Change in Japan 10. SEZ / and Chinese Model of Success 11. Neo-confucianism 12. Challenges, Situational Factors and issues of Four Little Dragon 13. Asian Concept of Power (Compare with West) 14. Compare (a) East-Asia,(b) South Asia,(c) China, and (d) Japan Unit-3 Culture & Politics

  26. Thank You !! (For Reference: see your Syllabus.) Unit-3 Culture & Politics

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