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Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth

Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth. 31. The Geosphere 3.2 The Atmosphere 3.3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere p.58-83. Key Terms. Geosphere Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Asthenosphere Tectonic plate Erosion Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Ozone. Radiation Conduction Convention

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Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth

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  1. Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth 31. The Geosphere 3.2 The Atmosphere 3.3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere p.58-83

  2. Key Terms • Geosphere • Crust • Mantle • Core • Lithosphere • Asthenosphere • Tectonic plate • Erosion • Atmosphere • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Ozone • Radiation • Conduction • Convention • Greenhouse effect • Water cycle • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation • Salinity • Fresh water • Biosphere • Closed system • Open system

  3. 3.1 The Geosphere • Describe the composition and structure of the Earth • Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates • Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their effects • Identify the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change • Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s surface

  4. The Earth as a System What are the conditions that allow us to survive on a constantly changing planet? The earth is divide into 4 parts • Geosphere (rock) • Atmosphere (air) • Hydrosphere (water) • Biosphere (living things) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG3ql0vLioU

  5. Geosphere • The solid part of the Earth that consists of all rock, soils and sediments on Earth’s Surface • Most is located in interior • http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers1.html

  6. Discovering Earth’s Interior • Very difficult to study – we have only looked at 12km deep • Seismic waves to study Earth’s Interior (waves travel differently in physical layers) Composition of Earth- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iUfi8XqEos&feature=related • Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s mass • Mantle 64% mass of Earth, 2,900km thick, rock medium density, iron rich layer • Coredensest element radius of 3,400km, hot nickel and iron center of Earth Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=endscreen&NR=1(23mins)

  7. Composition of Earth-3 layers • Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s mass, 5-8km thick beneath the oceans and 20-70km beneath the continents • Mantle- layer under crust, makes up 64% of mass, 2,900km thick, made of rock, medium dense • Core- innermost layer, densest elements, radius of 3,400 km

  8. The Structure of the Earth 5 layers- http://video.about.com/geography/The-Four-Earth-Spheres.htm • Lithosphere • Asthenosphere • Mesosphere • Outer Core • Inner Core

  9. Lithosphere- stone • 15-300 km thick • Cool rigid • Outermost layer of Earth • Crust and uppermost part of mantle • Divided into huge pieces called plate tectonic • Both continental and oceanic crust

  10. Asthenosphere • 250 km thick • Solid plastic layer of mantle between the mesosphere and the lithospehre • Made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, allows for plates to move on top of it

  11. Mesosphere • 2,550 km thick • Middle sphere • Lower layer of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core

  12. Outer core • 2,200 km thick • Outer shell of Earth’s core • Made of liquid nickel and iron

  13. Inner Core • 1,228 km radius • Spere of solid nickel and iron at the center of the Earth

  14. Thicknesses and density

  15. Plate Tectonics • Glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice on a pond • Continents are located on them and move with them • Pacific, North American, South American, African, Eurasian, and Antarctic plates • Plate boundaries- this movement may cause mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes erupt • Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building- Himalaya Mountains (Asia and India plates collided 50mya) • http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4 (7mins) • NGO- 50mins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCSJNBMOjJs&feature=related Bill- 23mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKssFQdZ0k&feature=related

  16. Earthquakes • Fault- break in Earth’s crust preventing it from sliding • When it breaks and creates vibrations in crusts  creates earthquakes • Occur all the time most are too small to feel • Richter scale- quantify the amount of energy reassessed by an earthquake or its magnitude • Smallest magnitude that can be felt is 2.0 • Largest recorded 9.5 • Earthquakes of 7 or greater cause widespread damage

  17. Where do they occur? • Take place at the boundaries due to the stress level • San Andreas Fault along California (N. American plate and Pacific plate are slipping) • We cannot predict when they will occur but rather the likely hood of where they can occur • High risk areas we build bridges and buildings slightly flexible so they can sway when the ground moves • http://earthquakestoday.info/

  18. Japan's Tsunami - How it Happened 2011 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24A8UwpYSs8&feature=related

  19. Volcanoes • Mountains/ islands built from magma, melted rock, that comes from the Earth’s core • Can occur on land or under the sea • Most active areas is around the pacific Ocean plate boundaries • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBPwwt0HuVo

  20. Local Effects of Volcanic Eruptions • Loss of human life • Clouds of hot ash, dust, gases travel down at speed of 200km/hr killing everything in its path • Can mix with water can create a mudslide • Destroy buildings, bury crops, damage engines of vehicles • Breathing difficulties

  21. Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Global impact: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TghGWlVN31c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8mAtY-7n-o • Mt St Helen- change Earth’s climate for several years • Ash and gases travel into the atmosphere reducing sunlight decreasing global temperatures for several years • Top 10- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aYQixhdWY4&feature=fvwrel • Billl Nye • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOc04z8jHaM • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=related (23mins)

  22. Erosion • The removal and transport of surface material • Water Erosion- rivers create deep gorges or oceans waves erode coastlines • Wind Erosion- area where plants are limited (beaches and deserts) sandstone vs granite can erode more quickly https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5Rp9MJJGCU Bill- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjVSiuj7Lxk&feature=related

  23. 3.2 Atmosphere • Describe the composition of the Earth’s Atmosphere • Describe the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere • Explain 3 mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere • Explain the greenhouse effect

  24. Atmosphere • Mixture of gases found in first 30km above the Earth’s surface

  25. Composition of the Atmosphere • Nitrogen 78% • Oxygen – 21% • Other -1 % (argon, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) • Tiny solid particles or dust (soil, salt, ash, skin, hair clothing, pollen, bacteria, viruses, aerosols) • Air pressure- due to the gravity, more dense closer to earth, difficult to breath at higher elevations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQ8FWnM0fA

  26. Layers of the Atmosphere • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere

  27. Troposphere- • layer closes to the Earth’s surface to 18km above • weather occurs in this layer • densest layer • temperature decreases as altitude increases

  28. Stratosphere- • Above the troposphere • Extends from 18km to altitude of 50km • Temperatures rise as altitude increases in the stratosphere, because the ozone absorbs the suns UV energy and warms the air • Ozone- O3- molecule that is made up of 3 oxygen atoms • Reduced the amount of UV that reaches the Earth

  29. Mesosphere • Layer above the stratosphere • Extended to an altitude of 80km • Coldest layer as low as -93’C

  30. Thermosphere • Farthest from the Earth • Nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation- temperatures have been measured above 2,000’C • Would not feel hot to us because this layer is so thin that air particles rarely collide – little heat is transferred • Lower level is called ionosphere – it absorbs X and gamma rays, causing the atoms to be electrically charged (ions) • Ions can radiate energy as light- Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights (North and South poles)

  31. Energy in the Atmosphere • Energy is neither created or destroyed  transferred and transformed • Radiation- transfer of energy across a space (fire, sunlight) • Conduction- flow of heat from one object to another • Convection- air currents (hot air rises)

  32. Heating of the Atmosphere • Solar energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, UV light • Only ½ actually reaches the Earth • Most is absorbed or reflected by clouds, gases and dust • Ocean/ lakes and land radiate the energy back into the atmosphere • 50% absorbed by Earth’s Surface • 25% scattered and reflected by clouds and air • 20% absorbed by ozone, clouds and gases • 5% reflected by Earth surface

  33. The Movement of Energy in the Atmosphere • Convection Currents- movement of the air in a circular pattern that are caused by the unequal heating of the Atmosphere • Cold air sinks and hot air rises

  34. The Greenhouse Effect • Gases trap heat near the Earth • Like heat being trapped into a car on a hot day, the glass window would be the atmosphere • This allows for the Earth to be warm, if it did not occur Earth would be too cold for life 3 mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk Discovery Channel - Global Warming, What You Need To Know, with Tom Brokaw 80mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcVwLrAavyA&feature=related

  35. 3.1The Hydrosphere and Biosphere • Name 3 major processes in the water cycle • Describe the properties of ocean water • Describe the 2 types of ocean currents • Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s Temperature • Discuss the factors that confine life to the biosphere • Explain the difference between open and closed systems

  36. Hydrosphere • Makes up all of the water on the Earth’s surface • Most is found in the oceans (3/4 globe) • Atmosphere, land and in soil

  37. Hydrosphere and Water Cycle • Water cycle- Continuous movement into ht air, land back to water • Evaporation- liquid water is heated by sun and goes into the atmosphere • Condensation- water vapor cools and forms water droplets • Precipitation- larger droplets fall from clouds (snow, sleet, or hail) Bill Nye- (3mins)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehXEYkDq_Y Rap- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=fvwrel Magic School Bus- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfLTBJKnEQA

  38. Earth’s Oceans • World Oceans- Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian • 70% of earth surface • Regulates Planet’s environment • High salt concentrations (salinity)( lower where freshwater or rain runs into it, high in areas where evaporation is high) • Temperature zones- surface warmed by sun, deep clod no sunlight (surface zone, thermocline- warm and cold weather)

  39. Global Temperature Regulator • Absorb and store energy from sunlight regulates temperatures in Earth’s Atmosphere • Ocean absorbs and release more slowly than land does • If it did not regulate temps conditions would be too extreme for life today • Can warm land masses near by

  40. Ocean Currents • Surface currents- stream like movements of water that occur at or near the surface, wind driven and a result from global wind patterns http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCorkyBe66o • Deep currents- streamlike movements of water that flow very slowly along the ocean floor (Antarctic Bottom Water) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVZujRMGZzs Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_wLatK7sXg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_8mw-1HYFg

  41. Fresh water • 3% of Earth’s water • Most is locked in icecaps and glaciers • Lakes, rivers, streams, ground water, wetlands, and atmosphere • River systems- network of streams that drains an area of land including its tributaries (small that flow into large ones) • Mississippi River system 40%

  42. Ground water • Rain and melting snow run off the land collected into the ground • 1% of all of Earth’s Water • Aquifers- rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water • Recharge zone- where water enters an aquifer

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