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Understanding Total War: Strategies and Demands of the North and South

Chapter 16 explores the concept of Total War during the Civil War. It highlights the North's need for manpower, industrial capacity, and a strong merchant marine in its efforts to defeat the South. In contrast, the South relied on defending its territory with a friendly population and knowledge of the land. The chapter also discusses Abraham Lincoln's leadership, his political acumen, and the importance of following the Anaconda Plan, which involved blockading and cutting off resources from the South, akin to an anaconda constricting its prey.

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Understanding Total War: Strategies and Demands of the North and South

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  1. Chapter 16

  2. Concept of Total War Demands North- manpower, industrial, merchant marine South- Defend, friendly population, knew land
  3. leadership Lincoln Low experience-great politician, good judge of people Follow Anaconda plan Blockades and cut off like an anaconda Suspended writ of habeas corpus Suppress influence of confederacy Davis Educated-stubborn, total control
  4. Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln first year-states problem Crittenden Resolution- war fought to “defend and maintain constitution (Jacksonian) and preserve union” Revoked 5months later Confiscation act- slave confederates be free in union hands 2nd confiscation act- slaves of anyone would be freed if in Federal custody Lincoln still pushed for gradual emancipation
  5. Why emancipate? Confident boarder states would stay Weaken confederate military Make it an issue of freedom Proclamation All slaves freed unless seceded states return by Jan. 1 1863 Put in place excluded union slave states, those under union control, TN Felt no right to apply to these not in rebellion
  6. Reaction to Emancipation Proclamation Europe backs Union Redefined the war not to save the union but to create a new nation Slavery disintegrated- challenge white authority Life was difficult for freedmen Refugee Contraband caps Military employment Plantation life returns for many
  7. Confederate Home Front New economy Prices increase Cotton decreases, grain and livestock increase Biggest problem is food My mind on my money and my money on my mind Taxation and impressment Inflation Conscription Law Davis Suspends writ of habeas corpus Martial Law
  8. Union Home Front Economy Income taxes, tariffs, excise fees, bonds Economy boomed but wages decreased Corruption and fraud- take advantage of govt. contracts Opportunities open for women Lincoln Suspension of writ of habeas corpus Expanded power Ex parte Milligan Drafting- issue of substitutes and commutation fee
  9. Both Morals decline- prostitution, drinking, gambling Rich man’s war poor man’s fight
  10. Soldier life Volunteers- rid slavery, fight, defend North or South Camp life Strict- routine Disease, lack of medical care Decline in morals/push for religious peace Change in battle- technology (musket to rifle) Effect of total war on human mind
  11. Defeat of Confederacy 1863- confederate lose at Gettysburg and Vicksburg Grant success at Anaconda Plan through Sherman Sherman’s capture of Atlanta help Lincoln's re-election Lincoln's Election 1864 Clear fight would continue until reunion and abolition of slavery 13th amendment Davis tries to abolish slavery for recognition from G.B. South civilian moral dives Surrender at Appomattox April 4th1865
  12. Impact of war Death toll Southern wealth lost Stimulated industrialism-creates national industries Politically- increased federal government power Dems loose influence Jacksonian view of INDIVISIBLE Nation Spiritual cost Sectional bitterness Tolerance of corruption Decrease in morals- focus on science, order, materialism
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