1. Team: Allison Wang 3. Political Revolutions

2. Person: Napoleon Bonaparte • 1799: appointed First Consul • Created Code Napoleon/Civil Code (1804) • Career open to talents • Protestants/dissenters/Jews/others receive full citizenship with allegiance to state • Napoleonic Wars: Welcomed in Countries for • No feudal privileges, equality of rights, toleration, codified law, free trade, systematic administration • Downfall: Defeat in Russia around 1812 • Abdicated: 1814

3. Person: Simon Bolivar • Creole aristocrat • Got support for concernments from Britain and Haiti for freeing South American slaves • Captures Bolivia, Andes, Chile*, Peru • Later gave Chile to Bernando O-Higgins • Downfall: unified dream disillusioned • Warfare among generals who want independence • Used dictatorial rulings, but further alienated him from supporters • Withdrew from leadership 1830

4. Event: Slave Revolt of Haiti (Saint-Domingue) • 1791 slave revolts break out from freedom inspiration • Became civil war between slave owners and slave • Toussaint L’Ouverture, free black, creates alliance with Spain against French slave systems in Haiti • 1800 ruler of Saint-Domingue • 1794: Robespierre abolishes slavery, so aligns with France • 1799: Napoleon reverses Robespierre’s policy • Tricks Toussaint into imprisonment 1802 • Unified black and mulatto armies drove out French and abolishes slavery • Only successful slave revolution

5. Event: French Revolution • 1789-1792: Moderate Phase • Estates General convened during 1789, where King Louis 16 goes back on his promise to facilitate voting for the third estate • Third estate leaves and doesn’t disband until new constitution • 1792-5: Radical Phase • Louis 16 and Marie Antoinette try to flee, but apprehended • People mad at king deserting country • National Assembly takes over • Institutes Terror through Committee of Public Safety against counter-revolutionaries

6. Terms • Bourgeoisie: leading “middle class”; professionals, artisans, shopkeepers; upper third estatees • Estates-General: gathering of all estates • Jacobins: most revolutionary party that supported Terror and king’s execution • Girondins: division of Jacobins that were more moderate • Montagnards: division of Jacobins that composed or artisans, shopkeepers, who also oppose Girondins

7. Terms • Sansculottes: workers, merchants, artisans part of more poor-based revolutionary group • Balance of Power: international agreement that secures peace by preventing single states becoming too dominant • Mulatto: mixed race in the Americas; usually: European and African • Mazambo: descendent of Portugese settlers in Americas • neo-Colonialism: developed nation’s control over developing world through economics