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An Overview of Parallel Architectures: Revisiting Classic Computer Taxonomies

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keita
9 diapositives · 251 Views · Sep 04, 2014

This paper revisits key concepts from a seminal 1972 work on parallel computing architectures, exploring four fundamental taxonomies: SISD (Single Instruction Single Data), SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data), MISD (Multiple Instruction Single Data), and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data). Each type serves distinct purposes in computer organization, from SISD's sequential processing to SIMD's data-level parallelism. This overview emphasizes the significance of these architectures, their applications, and insights on programming complexity in advanced configurations, highlighting their evolution and relevance in modern computing.

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An Overview of Parallel Architectures: Revisiting Classic Computer Taxonomies
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  1. Parallel Architectures

  2. Overview • This paper is a rehash of a paper that appeared in 1972 • “Some Computer Organizations and Their Effectiveness.” IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-21(9):948-960, September 1972. • Four basic parallel computer taxonomies • SISD • SIMD • MISD • MIMD • Each has it’s purpose

  3. Controller PE Fetch/Decode/Execute SISD • Single Instruction Single Data – sequential (unless you consider the micro-code level) • Pentium (of old) • VAX • SGI • Your stereo-typical Von Neumann machines

  4. Fetch/Decode Controller Execute PE PE PE SIMD • Single Instruction Multiple Data – data level parallelism • All PEs do the same operations synchronously on their own separate data • Connection Machine CM-1, CM-2 • IUA CAAPP level • Vector processor within SISD machines such as the Cray

  5. Controller Controller Controller PE PE PE Fetch/Decode/Execute Fetch/Decode/Execute Fetch/Decode/Execute MISD • Multiple Instruction Single Data – dataflow parallelism • Systolic array • Pipeline machines • Not talked about all that much

  6. Controller Controller Controller PE PE PE Fetch/Decode/Execute Fetch/Decode/Execute Fetch/Decode/Execute MIMD • Multiple Instruction Multiple Data – control/process level parallelism • Cosmic Cube • Connection Machine CM-5 • IUA ICAP level

  7. Controller Fetch PE PE PE Decode/Execute SPMD • Single Program Multiple Data – data and control level parallelism • Can be sub-classed from either SIMD or MIMD • PEs have identical programs but separate program counters (asynchronous SIMD)

  8. Interesting Bits • Claims that SIMD is of “limited application” • I think this is unfair but maybe closer to the truth than what Thinking Machines, Inc. was pushing • “networking commodity workstations through a local area network” as a MIMD architecture • SETI started in 1984 which was prior to publication – I imagine he did not have such a statement in the 1972 paper • “However, we cannot expect that the ease of programming these improved configurations will advance” … “few of which are foreseeable.” • He speaks from experience and common sense

  9. End Notes • Four basic parallel computer taxonomies • SISD • SIMD • MISD • MIMD • Each has it’s purpose • If someone builds/sells only 1 type, they will try to convince you that you don’t need the rest, no matter which type they build/sell