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Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development. Maitreyee Chakrabarty Disaster Management Officer. “development”. “development” is growth which results in something being stronger or more advanced. Development is about infrastructure development.
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Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Maitreyee Chakrabarty Disaster Management Officer
“development” “development” is growth which results in something being stronger or more advanced. Development is about infrastructure development. It also ensure advances in people’s quality of life. This includes advances in their livelihoods, access to services, and emotional stability .
“disaster” • We generally think of disasters on a large scale, disasters are also contextual and relative. • A community’s perception of a disaster varies depending on that community’s ability to cope with a particular incident. • In other words, “disaster impacts and losses are not distributed evenly across populations. Its distribution depends upon underlying vulnerabilities..” • This vulnerability is the human dimension of disasters.
Why are disasters a developmentconcern? DEVELOPMENT REALM Development can increase vulnerability Development can reduce vulnerability NEGATIVE REALM POSITIVE REALM Disasters can provide development opportunities Disasters can set back development DISASTER REALM
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Technical, social or economic actions or measures used to reduce direct, indirect and intangible disaster losses. Now widely used as a term that encompasses the two aspects of a disaster reduction strategy: ‘mitigation’ and ‘preparedness’.
MAINSTREAMING • ..‘mainstreaming risk reduction’ is a process to incorporate disaster risk reduction into development policy and practice. • It means radically expanding and enhancing disaster risk reduction so that it becomes normal practice, fully institutionalised within development agenda.
Mainstreaming has three purposes: To make certain that- all the development programmes and projects that are designed with consideration for disaster risks and to resist hazard impact. all the development programmes and projects do not increase vulnerability to disaster in all sectors. all the disaster relief and rehabilitation programmes and projects are designed to contribute to developmental aims and to reduce future disaster risk.
How to go about integration of DRR into development programmes Sectoral approach. Key sectors to be identified. Within each sector ,key programmes to be identified. For integration we have to identify the entry points within the programmes.
MDRRD For mainstreaming we have to work at the policy and planning level( national state and district level). Coordination with State Planning Commission and Finance Department for promoting DRR into all development programmes. Work with different departments to mainstream DRR into departmental Plans and policies. Advocate for allocation of dedicated budget for DRR within departmental plans. Develop appropriate guidelines for different sectors. Integration of DRR into the district Development Plans.
Ways of Mainstreaming Disaster Management into Development Process Structural Measures Non Structural Measures Disaster Mitigation Projects
(A) Structural Measures • New Project Programmes should be revisited to build in Disaster Management concern. • This would entail - • Ensuring all new critical infrastructure projects compulsory comply with the safety standards of disaster reduction • The implementation of techno-legal regimes such as BIS codes and the NDMA’s guidelines on various disasters • Ensuring all the existing infrastructure projects are retrofitted from future disasters, to the extent possible
(B) Non-Structural Measures • The Non Structural measures for mainstreaming Disaster Management into development plans include. • Amendment of Building by laws master plans for Earthquake Proofing /Flood Management etc. • Amendment of Building and Land use regulations • Flood Plane zoning
(c) Disaster Mitigation Projects • Examples … • National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Projects. • National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Projects. • State and local level mitigation projects
Integration of Mainstreaming in ongoing Flagship Programmes Sarva Sikshya Abhiyan Evaluation of the existing structural design of the schools/classrooms – followed by development of model type design based on the hazard profile. Development of Construction Manual and circulation to District Magistrates and Basic Shiksha Adhikaris. Training of Engineers engaged in SSA Programme, District officials, school teachers and SSA coordinators on hazard resistant technology and design. Training of masons. Sensitization Programme for Village Education Committee members. Sensitization of school children on disaster preparedness.
JNNURM • Setting up of a review and monitoring committee for the various infrastructure projects and DM audit of the Detail Project Reports. • Inclusion of Disaster Risk Reduction strategies in the Development Plan. • Introducing Amendment of Building Byelaws to ensure structural safety against natural hazards. • Application of Disaster Resistant Technology In Housing • Training and capacity building of officials involved in JNNURM.
IAY Studying the IAY housing typology in a selected district. Developing model design for hazard resistant IAY houses. (taking consideration of available local materials and culture). Training of DRDA officials and engineers. Awareness generation among villagers and PRI members on housing technology. Community Mobilization Campaign. Construction of sample IAY units for promoting the technology. Training of masons and community members on hazard resistant technology.
Other projects Outside the framework of plan schemes many Standalone Disaster Management projects Disaster risk reduction measured can be incorporated into development programmes involving construction of buildings etc. such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, Indira Awas Yojana, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission etc.
Integration of DRR in Poverty Reduction Strategies: Poverty reduction is the best entry point for MDRRD as the country is already implementing a varieties of programmes targeted to people living below poverty line who are always the worst sufferers in disasters. Need to revisit these programmes to incorporate features that protects the interests of the poor people affected by disasters and also reduce the risks of disasters by innovative mechanisms such as: skill development for alternative livelihoods, micro-finance and insurance etc.
Promotion of MDRRD in Key Sectors While MDRRD should penetrate into all sectors of development; the government should identify key sectors that should receive priorities in respective countries. Some of the key sectors, along with some illustrative activities under each sector may be as under: Agriculture and livelihood:· Developing crop varieties that are resistant to drought and can withstand flood and saline conditions. · Creating stand by employment opportunities in non-farm sectors in hazard prone areas · Providing insurance cover for crops and animals Education:· Initiating School Safety programme · Including disaster management in school curricula · Conducting simulation drills and first aid training for students · Preparing school level Disaster Management Plan
Environment:· Integrating Disaster Impact Assessment (DIA) in Environment Impact assessment (EIA) · Ensuring that eco-system is part of all developmental activities, particularly in environmentally sensitive areas such as coastal and hill areas etc · Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction in Climate Change Adaptation programmes Housing:· Developing disaster resistant Land Use Plans and Building Codes · Enforcing zoning and building regulations Health:· Initiating Hospital safety initiatives · Encouraging Hospital Emergency Preparedness Plan Risk Transfer and Risk Insurance:· Promoting social and public funded insurance schemes · Developing innovative micro-insurance services and products
Critical Infrastructure :· Ensuring that all new critical infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, power, water, communication etc compulsorily comply with the safety standards of disaster reduction Ensuring that all existing infrastructure projects are retrofitted from future disasters, to the extent possible Governance: Implementation of the guidelines shall require capacity building of the institutions and key functionaries at all levels and sectors of governance. Systematic measures shall be required to be taken for streamlining governance system to make them efficient, accountable, transparent and sensitive to the tasks of disaster risk reduction. Monitoring and Evaluation: Mechanisms should be developed for periodic monitoring and evaluation and of implementation of the guidelines of MDRRD in all sectors of development.
WITH HOPE OF A SAFER FUTURE
