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Understanding Binomial Nomenclature and Biological Classification

This chapter delves into binomial nomenclature, the scientific classification system assigning each species a two-part name. It explores key concepts like genus, systematics, taxon, and phylogeny. The discussion includes the significance of clades and monophyletic groups in evolutionary biology. Additionally, it covers cladograms as diagrams showing shared characteristics among species. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—are examined, highlighting their distinctions, cellular structures, and evolutionary relationships.

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Understanding Binomial Nomenclature and Biological Classification

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  1. Chapter 18 Vocab.

  2. Binomial nomenclature – classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

  3. Genus – group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature

  4. Systematics – study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

  5. Taxon – group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

  6. Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of a lineage

  7. Clade – evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its descedants

  8. Monophyletic group – group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor

  9. Cladogram – diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species

  10. Derived character – trait that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members

  11. Domain – larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom

  12. Bacteria – domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan; corresponds to the kingdom eubacteria

  13. Achaea – domain consisting of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan; corresponds to the kingdom Archeabacteria

  14. Eukarya – domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus; includes protists, plants, fungi, and animals

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