Civil War- Reconstruction (Ch.16-22)

1. Civil War- Reconstruction (Ch.16-22) Anisha Hossain Rylie Bryant Brendan Hotchkiss

2. Ch.16- The South and the Slavery Controversy The Economy • “Cotton is King” → led to the dependence of a one crop economy. • The cotton industry grew bigger and farmers were making a lot of profit off of it allowing for a lot of prosperity. • Cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840. • Much of Britain's cotton supply came from the South. • Cotton was a powerful monarch. • The economic structure of the South became increasingly monopolistic. • There was financial instability in the South of the plantation system • the temptation to overspeculate (no profit with material held) caused many planters to plunge into debt. • Slaves represented a heavy investment of capital.

3. The Government • Before the Civil War the government was an oligarchy-governed by a few- and heavily influenced by the planter aristocracy. • This undemocratic way widened the gap between the rich and the poor. • Liberty Party and Free Soil Party • grew out of split in abolitionist movement in late 1830’s • Liberty party merged into the Free Soil Party in 1848 • Opposed the spread of slavery into territories • “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men” • Repeal of the the Fugitive Slave Law

4. Slavery • The invention of the cotton gin allowed slavery to prosper as well. • Many free blacks owned property in New Orleans • Free blacks were known as the “Third Race” because they were unable to get certain jobs that some whites could get. • However in the North free blacks were hated more than in the South. • Former slave Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist and self educated orator of rare power, was mobbed and beaten by northern rowdies. • Congress outlawed slave imports in 1808 so they were smuggled into the south • Many people wanted to auction off slaves • Abolitionists and Harriet Beecher Stowe seized on the emotional power of this theme by putting it at the heart of the plot of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. • Black Belt- (S.Carolina to Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana) was where most slaves were concentrated. • Slaves were not permitted to read because it allowed them to think.

5. Abolitionism • American Colonization Society (1817) focused on transporting the blacks back to Africa • Republic of Liberia(1822)- founded as a place for former slaves • The Second Great Awakening caused abolitionists to think that slavery was a sin. • Theodore Dwight Weld- abolitionist who spoke against slavery • wrote the pamphlet: American Slavery As It Is (1839) • William Lloyd Garrison- wrote an anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator • Sojourner Truth- freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and women’s rights • Frederick Douglass-lectured widely for abolitionism; he was political

6. Rebellions • Nat Turners Rebellion- A black slave of the early 19th century, who led the only effective and sustained slave revolt in American history. He and his supporters killed several dozen white people in Virginia. Impact • In 1832 states wanted to make emancipation illegal • The nullification crisis of 1832 caused southern abolitionism to silence. • The Gag Resolution demanded that all anti-slavery appeals to be tabled without debate in the House of Representatives. • Free soilers opposed extending slavery to western territories.

7. Ch.17 Manifest Destiny and its Legacy The Government • Whigs, Daniel Webster as secretary of state and Henry Clay as the king of the whigs and their spokesman, were set to control the presidency. • William Henry Harrison was president at the time but 4 weeks into his presidency he caught pneumonia and died so Clay and Websters plans were ruined. • John Tyler- VP to Harrison became president; he was a democrat at heart and contradicted many of the Whig ideas. • vetoes Bank of the US • Lowers tariffs • “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”

8. Economically… • Whig Party caused financial reform → the independent treasury system ended. • Fiscal Bank- would establish a new Bank of the US→ vetoed • Fiscal Corporation was also vetoed • Tyler signed the Tariff of 1842 which was a protective whig tariff. Wars... • During the 19th Century there was much hatred with Britain. • This sparked the Third War with England • was fought with paper broadsides

9. Texas • Mexico refused to look at Texas’ independence • Texas made treaties with Belgium, FR, and Holland • Britain wanted to ally with Texas • Became the leading issue in the presidential campaign of 1844 • the democrats were pro expansion and wanted to annex Texas • President Tyler signed a resolution in 1845 that invited Texas to become the 28th state.

10. Oregon • Four nations claimed Oregon Country: Spain, Russia, Britain, and the US • Spain dropped out of America with the Florida Treaty of 1819 • Russia dropped out with the treaties of 1824 and 1825 • Britain controlled the area north of the Columbia river and US controlled the south • there were fewer people from BR but they did not want to take away their claim. • This was a main issue in the campaigns

11. The Election of 1844 • The whig party chose Henry Clay and the Democrats chose James K. Polk(speaker of the House of Representatives) • James K. Polk won! • In the 1840’s and 1850’s many Americans felt that God had “manifestly” destined the American people to spread their democratic institutions around the world • Democrats Supported Manifest Destiny! • Polks goal was to lower tariffs • His second goal was restoration of the independent treasury

12. Mexico • Polk was eager to buy california from Mexico • Mexicans considered Texas to be theirs • the United States had claims against the Mexicans for some $3 million in damages to American citizens and their property • Deadlock with Mexico over Texas was further tightened by a question of boundaries. • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848 • They confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California. • The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000 • The Mexican War was a small one but it brought back questions on slavery

13. Wilmot amendment- mandated that slavery should never be practiced in territory gained from Mexico Wilmot Proviso- conflict in Washington of the Wilmot amendment in 1846

14. Ch.18- Renewing the Sectional Struggle • Popular sovereignty- the sovereign people would choose the status of slavery. • Democrats chose Lewis Cass as their candidate for the elections • The whigs chose Zachary Taylor as their candidate for the elections • The Free Soil Party emerged → it was formed by anti slavery men of the North • In 1848 gold was discovered in California. • Californians drafted their own constitution in 1849 in order for protection • Harriet Tubman-Conductor of the Underground Railroad which helped slaves escape to the North • Southerners demanded a new Fugitive Slave Law

15. The congressional debate of 1850 spoke of the possible admission of California into the union. • Henry Clay- “The Great Compromiser” • suggested that the North enact a stricter slave law • John Calhoun-”The Great Nullifier” • leave slavery alone • return runaway slaves to the south • Daniel Webster- was against slavery • a new fugitive slave law should be formed • in 1850 President Taylor died and Millard Fillmore took over • A second era of good feelings came about • people thought that the compromises would help end the issues of slavery

16. The Compromise of 1850 • California was admitted as a free state and the territories of New Mexico and Utah were open to slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. • the senate was unbalanced in favor of the North The Fugitive Slave Law 1850 • fleeing slaves could not testify on their own behalf and they were denied a jury trial • Northerner who tried to help the slaves escape would be faced with fines and jail time

17. Election of 1852 • Democrat- Franklin Pierce • supported the finality of everything • Whigs- Winfield Scott • split into two, Northern whigs and Southern Whigs • Northern- didn’t accept platform but accepted candidate • Southern- accepted platform but not the candidate • Franklin Pierce won!

18. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- neither American nor Britain could own an isthmian waterway • Cuba was prized by southerner for the most desirable slave territory • The secretary of state instructed the American ministers in Spain, England, and France to prepare confidential recommendations for the acquisition of Cuba • This was called the Ostend Manifesto • Stated that if Spain did not allow the US to buy Cuba for 120 million dollars then America would attack Cuba on grounds that Spain’s continued ownership of CUba endangered American interests. • With the acquisition of California and Oregon, the transcontinental railroad was proposed • Sec. of War Jefferson Davis wanted James Gadsden to buy an area of Mexico from Santa Anna for which the railroad would pass. • This was the Gadsden Purchase

19. Stephen A Douglas- wanted to break the North-South deadlock over westward expansion • proposed that the Territory of Nebraska be sliced into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. • their status on slavery would be decided by the people • Kansas=slave state • Nebraska=free state • The Kansas Nebraska Act ran into the problem of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which forbade slavery in the proposed Nebraska territory. • Douglas wanted to repeal the Missouri Compromise • the act destroyed two compromises ( 1820 and 1850) • Democratic Party was shattered • The Republican Party was formed

20. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • Literary Works • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • The purpose was to awaken the North to the wickedness of the South and slavery • The deeper source lay in the Second Great Awakening • Led people to ignore the Fugitive Slave Law • The book was very popular in Britain and France

21. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • Literary Works • The Impending Crisis of the South • Written by Hinton R. Helper • hated by the black people • attempted to use statistics to prove indirectly that the non-slave holding white people were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

22. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • Bleeding Kansas • worst outcome of popular sovereignty • Popular Sovereignty- is when the state gets to choose to be a slave state or a free state • people from Missouri came into Kansas to vote that Kansas be a slave state • Civil War in Kansas started in 1856 and continued until it merged with the large scale Civil War

24. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • Reactions of the British and the French • Britain thought the North would win • London and Paris thought about getting involved on the side of the South but they were afraid their countries would go against them and side with the North (Uncle Toms Cabin)

25. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • The Dred Scott Case • A slave who lived with his master for 5 years sued for his freedom on his long residence on free soil • The Supreme Court ruled that because a slave was private property he could be taken into any territory and legally held there

26. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • The 5th Amendment-forbade congress from depriving people of their property without the due process of law • The Court went further and stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories

27. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • Election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln won the election however not with the popular vote • The election led to South Carolina Seceding • The Republicans Won

28. Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] • The Split • Dec. 1860 South Carolina decided to secede • Along with South Carolina was Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia,Louisiana & Texas • This group of states was known as the Confederate States of America • They elected Jefferson Davis as president

29. The North and the South • Union Forts • Fort Sumter- in Charleston Harbor; needed supplies in order to support the men there • Lincoln then told the South he was sending supplies to the men at Fort Sumter not reinforcements for war • The South viewed this as an act of aggression and South Carolina fired on the Fort on April 12th 1861 • Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded after the attack

30. The North and the South • Border States • Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia • They were the only slave states that had not seceded from the Union • Contained the Ohio River, a vital necessity of both the Union and Confederate • The Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy

31. The North and the South • The Balance of Forces • The south had the “Home Field Advantage” • They didn't have to fight to win they just had to fight to a draw • Robert E.Lee turned down the job as command of the northern army to fight with his home state of virginia along with chief lieutenant Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson • The North held ¾ of the nations wealth and ¾ of the nation's railroad system • The north also had a much larger population

32. The North and the South • Lincoln vs Davis • One defect of the south was that their own states could secede and some soldiers refused to fight outside of their state borders • Davis often had disputes with his own congress • Lincoln and the North enjoyed a long established and financially stable government

33. The North and the South • The Draft • The north and south both established a Draft • passed by congress in 1863 • Men who were called into the draft could pay for a replacement

34. The North and the South • Economic Stressors of War • The North increased tariffs and taxes in order to financially support the war • Morrill Tariff Act- high protective tariff that increased duties 5-10% • The Washington Treasury issued Greenback Paper Money that was backed by the nations fluctuating Gold Supply • In 1863 Congress authorized the National Banking System, it was designed to stimulate the sale of government bonds- and to establish a standard bank-note currency • The Confederate Government was forced to print blue-backed paper money that was subject to “Runaway Inflation”

35. Ch.21- The Furnace of Civil War • The Northern military plan (6 components) 1. Slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts. 2. Liberate the slaves and undermine the very economic foundation of the South. 3. Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River. 4. Dismember the Confederacy by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas. 5. Capture its capital at Richmond. 6. Try everywhere to engage the enemy's main strength and grind it into submission. • South was winning at the beginning of the war • Battle of Antietam- Pivotal point in the war

36. Ch. 21 • Emancipation Proclamation -Antietam provided Lincoln with the military backing to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation -it called for the freeing of all slaves in Confederate territory, except in locations where the Union had mostly regained control -Changed the nature of the war by removing any chance of settlement between the Confederacy and the Union

37. Ch. 21 • Presidential election of 1864 - the Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party (Lincoln’s party) -Democrats nominated General McClellan was their presidential candidate -The Northern Democrats lost the election of 1864. This was one of the most crushing losses suffered by the South. The removal of Lincoln was the last hope for a Confederate victory.

38. Ch. 21 • The Union army led by general Grant took the Confederate capitol of Richmond ultimately ending the war • President Lincoln was shot at Ford Theater on April 14, 1865 • The war claimed more than 600,000 lives

39. Ch.22- The Ordeal of Reconstruction • Emancipation proclamation -Took effect unevenly throughout the south -Some slaves resisted emancipation due to their loyalty to their masters -following emancipation, black communities were centered around church -education for blacks arose after the proclamation

40. Ch. 22 • Freedmen’s Bureau -intended to provide clothing, medical care, food, and education to both freedmen and white refugees • President Johnson -Ran as Lincoln’s VP to appeal to the War Democrats and other pro-Southern elements -He was a strong supporter of state's rights and of the Constitution

41. Ch. 22 • Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan -A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation • Wade Davis Bill (1864) -Required that 50% of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and it demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation

42. Ch. 22 • President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan -It called for special state conventions which were required to: repeal the decrees of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th Amendment

43. Ch. 22 • Black Codes -A series of laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated slaves -They were aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force -They mocked the idea of freedom and imposed hardships on the blacks -The codes forbade a black to serve on a jury or to vote -The Republicans were strongly opposed to the Black Codes

44. Ch. 22 • The Reconstruction Act - Divided South into 5 military districts -The districts were controlled and patrolled by union soldiers -The moderate Republican goal was to create voters in Southern states that would vote those states back into the Union and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights

45. Activity

46. What was the main crop of the South?

47. Cotton

48. What was the government before the Civil War?

49. Oligarchy

50. What did Nat Turner do?