Board Assignment

1. Board Assignment • Please identify 3 significant figures in history and their impact on modern medicine.

2. The History of Medicine How did we get where we are today?

3. Ancient Medicine The condensed version http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1wCQlOb1jc

4. Part 1 - Introduction ANCIENT TIMES People believed that diseases and illnesses were caused by … … demons and evil spirits.

5. ANCIENT TIMES People also believed that treatments were directed toward … … eliminating evil spirits.

6. Part 2 - History of Health Care 4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES Herb and plants were used as medicines. Do you know which ones are still used today? Morphine for pain and digitalis for the heart.

7. 4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES Trepanation was the treatment for insanity, epilepsy and headache. That means boring a hole in the skull. 20 years. Average Life Span…….

8. 3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians Called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred. Therefore, physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools.

9. 3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians Earliest people known to keep accurate medical records. The first physician may have been Imhotep. Magic and medicinal plants were used to treat disease.

10. 3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians Believed the body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces. If a channel became “clogged”, bloodletting or leeches were used to “open” them. Average life span … 20 to 30 years.

11. 1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body. Carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body. Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs.

12. 1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion. Used moxibustion to treat disease. Began to search for medical reasons for illness. Average life span was … 20 to 30 years.

13. 1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS Began modern medical science by observing human body and effects of disease. Believed illness was a result of natural causes. Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease.

14. 1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS Used therapies that are still used today … massage art therapy herbal treatment

15. 1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS Important People Dissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy. Aristotle

16. 1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS Hippocrates Important People Called the Father of Medicine Developed an organizational method to observe the human body Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases Created a high standard of ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates, used by physicians today Average life span was … 25 to 35 years.

17. 753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers. Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes. Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents.

18. 753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS Began public health and sanitation systems: Aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities Sewers to carry waste material away from the cities Filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria

19. 753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS Claudius Galen Important People Dissected animals and determined function of muscles, kidney and bladder Studied infectious diseases and described symptoms of inflammation

20. 753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS Diseases were treated with diet, exercise, and medications. Average life span was … 25 to 35 years.

21. DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD The study of medicine was prohibited, emphasis was on saving the soul. Illnesses and diseases were treated by prayer and divine intervention. Medications were mainly herbal mixtures.

22. DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people. Average life span was … 20 to 30 years.

23. MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD Interest in the medical practice of Greeks and Romans was renewed. Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century Major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria.

24. MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD A pandemic of the bubonic plague killed ¾ of the population of Europe and Asia.

25. MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD Arab physicians used their knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology. Arabs began requiring that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses.

26. MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD Rhazes Important People Arab physician that became known as the Arab Hippocrates 910 AD – developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles Suggested blood was the cause of many infectious diseases Began the use of animal gut for suture material

27. MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD Important People Avenzoar Physician who described the parasite causing scabies in the 12th century Average life span was … 20 to 35 years.

28. What are the following people known for? Hippocrates Imhotep Galen

29. RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD Rebirth of the science of medicine Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically Development of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others

30. RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD Rebirth of the science of medicine Firsts! First chairs (positions of authority) of medicine created at Oxford and Cambridge in England in 1440 First anatomy book published by Andreas Vesalius First book on dietetics written by Issac Judaeus

31. RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD Rebirth of the science of medicine Average life span was … 30 to 40 years.

32. 16th and 17th CENTURIES Causes of disease were still not known and many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth) fever Scientific societies, such as the Royal Society of London, were established Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications

33. 16th and 17th CENTURIES Ambrose Pare Important People French surgeon who became known as the Father of Modern Surgery Established the use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding Eliminated the use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds Improved treatment of fractures and promoted the use of artificial limbs

34. 16th and 17th CENTURIES Important People Anton van Leewenhoek Invented the microscope in 1666 Average life span was … 35 to 40 years.

35. 18th CENTURY Important People Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer in 1714 John Hunter English surgeon who established scientific surgical procedures Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals for glasses

36. 18th CENTURY Important People James Lind prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795 Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796 Average life expectancy was … 40 to 50 years.

37. 19th CENTURY Important People James Blundell performed the first blood transfusion in 1818. Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope in 1819.

38. 19th CENTURY Important People Florence Nightingale was the Founder of Modern Nursing. Established efficient and sanitary nursing unites during the Crimean war in 1854 Opened Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital In London in 1860 Began the professional education of nurses

39. 19th CENTURY Important People Ignaz Semmelweis, in the 1840s, encouraged physicians to wash hands with lime after performing autopsies and before delivering babies to prevent puerperal (childbirth) fever. (This idea was resisted by hospital and medical personnel) Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female physician in the US in 1849

40. 19th CENTURY Important People Dorothea Dix was appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army in 1861 Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865 Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 (International Red Cross was founded in 1863)

41. 19th CENTURY Important People Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries to the practice of medicine Proved the microorganisms cause disease Pasteurized milk to kill bacteria Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWv3yq1Uax4

42. 19th CENTURY Important People Gregory Mendel established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns Robert Koch, called the Father of Microbiology, developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and isolated the bacteria causing tuberculosis.

43. 19th CENTURY Important People Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses in 1892 Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement in New York City in 1893 (the start of public health nursing)

44. 19th CENTURY Important People Wilhelm Roentgen discovered Roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895 Almroth Wright developed vaccine for typhoid fever in 1897 40 to 60 years. Average life span was …

45. 20th CENTURY Important People Walter Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever in 1900 Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups in 1901

46. Important People 20th CENTURY Dr. Elie Metchnikoff identified how white blood cells protect against disease Marie Curie isolated radium in 1910 Sigmund Freud’s studies formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry

47. 20th CENTURY Important People Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered and used insulin to treat diabetes in 1922 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIkUtfJ0yYQ

48. 20th CENTURY Important People Dr. George Papanicolaou developed the Pap test to detect cervical cancer in females The first kidney dialysis machine was developed in 1944

49. 20th CENTURY Important People Frances Crick and James Watson described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953 The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery in 1953 animation

50. 20th CENTURY Important People Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus in 1952 Albert Sabin developed an oral live-virus polio vaccine in the mid 1950s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPXMRZzaZtQ