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Wildfire, aka Biomass Burning (BB), and Emissions

Wildfire, aka Biomass Burning (BB), and Emissions. Johannes Kaiser, Martin Schultz, Christiane Textor, Mikhail Sofiev, Tony Hollingsworth, Jean-Marie Gregoire. FIRE EMISSIONS: OUTLINE. Significance HALO Activities Requirements Observation System GFAS Proposal Correlations Study Summary.

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Wildfire, aka Biomass Burning (BB), and Emissions

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  1. Wildfire, aka Biomass Burning (BB), and Emissions Johannes Kaiser, Martin Schultz, Christiane Textor, Mikhail Sofiev, Tony Hollingsworth, Jean-Marie Gregoire

  2. FIRE EMISSIONS: OUTLINE • Significance • HALO Activities • Requirements • Observation System • GFAS Proposal • Correlations Study • Summary

  3. SIGNIFICANCE for Atmosphere Monitoring: BB AIR QUALITY: • … can dominate regional air quality in “severe air pollution” events • … can elevate background of atmospheric pollutant after long range transport [Stohl et al. 2001, Forster et al. 2001, Andreae et al. 2001] POLLUTION CONTROL: • … significantly contributes to global budgets of several gases • Kyoto, CLRTAP, … WEATHER: (absorbing aerosols) • … influences the radiative energy budget [Konzelmann et al., JGR 1996] • … provides cloud condensation nuclei [Andreae et al., Science 2004] • Heat release accelerates deep convection. [Damoah et al., ACP 2006] REMOTE SENSING: • … affects essential a priori information for remote sensing (AOD, profiles) CHALLENGE: • … are highly variable on all time scales from hours to decades NOAA, 2005-12-11

  4. Interannual Variability

  5. SIGNIFICANCE for Land Monitoring • Wildfires represent a significant sink for the terrestrial carbon pools. • Wildfire behaviour characterises land cover types with repeated fire events. • typical fire repeat period • typical fire intensity • typical fire seasonality • … • Wildfires can change the land cover type reversibly • tropical deforestation • …

  6. HALO ACTIVITIES • compilation of EO fire product requirements for environmental monitoring • comparison to available products • development of a future strategy • quantitative refinement of requirements and strategy HALO Documents: • “Emissions for GEMS”, HALO report • “Global Assimilation of Wildfire Emissions for GEMS”, HALO report • “Observation Requirements for Global Biomass Burning Emission Monitoring”, Proceedings of the 2006 EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference • “Expression of Interest for Listing of a European Project on a Global Fire Assimilation System”, communicated to GAC

  7. REQUIREMENTS: Monitoring Objectives • Selected GEMS Deliverables: • global operational system for monitoring & forecasting atmospheric composition • global retrospective analyses 2000-2007 • several regional air-quality forecasting systems • Selected GEOLAND Objectives: • to model vegetation as part of the global carbon cycle quantitatively • to characterise behaviour of land cover types with repeated fire events • to monitor land cover change

  8. ATMOS. MONITOR.: BB Observation Requirements

  9. Two types of fire products accessible from Earth obs. systems • - Active fire • - Hot spot • Fire pixel • Fire count ACTIVE FIRE product Fire front BURNT AREA product - Burnt area - Burnt pixel - Burnt scar Area burnt OBSERVATIONSYSTEM • thermal emission, MIR • only during fire • spectrally flat • BRDF flat • dark • only after fire

  10. “pixels” burnt per vegetation type Area burnt per vegetation type: ha Fuel: T. ha-1 ???? M (…) = Area . Biomass . Burning efficiency. Emission factor Globe: ~ 400 millions hectaresburnt in 2000 Med. Basin: ~ 500000 hectares Woodland & forests ~ 1600 g CO2 / kg biomass Grasslands ~ 1700 g CO2 / kg biomass Dry tropical grass savanna: ~ 2 tons/hectare Moist tropical savanna: ~ 10 tons/hectare Boreal forest: ~ 20 tons/hectare Moist tropical forest: ~ 40 tons/hectare ~ 25% forest -- ~ 80% savanna OBSERVATION SYSTEM:Calculating Emission Amounts • traditional: • Fire Radiative Power (FRP): • M(…) = FRP * time * scaling factor * emission factor(…)

  11. OBSERVATION SYSTEM: Current Fire Products

  12. OBSERVATION SYSTEM: Some Conclusions • No current product satisfies all requirements. • The required information is being observed but not being made available in products. • LEO spatial coverage/resolution complements GEO temporal resolution. • Hot spots (tropical forest) complement burnt area Many existing products are inconsistent. [Boschetti et al. 2004] • Several new operational products are anticipated. • Fire Radiative Power from SEVIRI (M. Wooster) • WF_ABBA from global GEO system (E. Prins)

  13. PROPOSAL GFAS • A Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) is needed to combine • several fire observations • land cover products • meteorological conditions • a numerical model of fire activity. • Such a system can provide the required fire input for the GMES atmosphere and land monitoring systems.

  14. PROPOSAL GFAS, cont. • regionalised: e.g. events in mid-lats, statistics in tropics • single, consistent processing for all GMES systems • evolving with new scientific developments • supported by 37 European scientists / institutions • communicated to GEMS Advisory Commity meteorology fire climatology GEMS greenhouse gases land cover climatology Global Fire Assimilation System reactive gases satellite fire product global fire emissions satellite radiance aerosols geoland, … land cover product carbon regional air quality fire product

  15. CORRELATIONS STUDY: Goal • to quantify the correlation between the anticipated fire-related products of the GMES fast-track services for the land and atmosphere monitoring. • spatial correlation of changes in biomass and air pollution • impact on absolute values and variability of atm. constituents • constituents of primary interest: aerosols, CO2 [Wooster 2005] [Ichoku 2005]

  16. CORRELATION STUDY: Approach • use fire emission inventory GFEDv2 as dummy for future GFAS. It combines [van der Werf et al., ACP 2006] • MODIS hot spots • CASA vegetation model. • obtain custom version of GFEDv2 with 8-day time resolution • conversions to GRIB format • include fire emissions in IFS • compare forecasts with / without fire emissions • compare both to observed time series • compare the difference to fuel load changes in CASA

  17. SUMMARY • Fire, aka Biomass Burning (BB), emissions are needed globally in near-real time as well as in consistent multi-year time series. • No suitable BB emission product is available. Principal shortcomings are accuracy, delivery time, temporal resolution, geographical coverage. • Various fire observations complement each other. • The development of a Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) is needed to serve the GMES requirements. • Product generation needs to exploit existing observations more completely. • FRP is very promising due to accuracy of emitted amount calculation and temporal resolution. • A quantitative study by HALO is on the way.

  18. MORE INFORMATION • www.ecmwf.int/research/EU_projects/HALO • www.ecmwf.int/research/EU_projects/GEMS • www.gmes-geoland.info • j.kaiser@ecmwf.int This work has been funded by the European Commission through the FP6 projects HALO, GEMS, and GEOLAND. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THANK YOU!

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