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Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System

Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System. 13.1-13.2. 13.1. Introduction. Introduction. Cardiovascular system = the heart and its vessels The heart pumps 7,000 L of blood per day Contacts 2.5 billion times in a lifetime. Introduction.

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Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System

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  1. Chapter 13Cardiovascular System 13.1-13.2

  2. 13.1 Introduction

  3. Introduction • Cardiovascular system = the heart and its vessels • The heart pumps 7,000 L of blood per day • Contacts 2.5 billion times in a lifetime

  4. Introduction • Pulmonary circuit = sends deoxygenated blood to the lung where it picks up oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide • Systemic circuit = sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes

  5. 13.2 Structure of the Heart

  6. Size and Location of the Heart • Hollow, cone shaped, muscular pump • Size varies with body size (14 cm by 9 cm) • Base at the top and apex pointing downward

  7. Size and Location of the Heart • Lies within the thoracic cavity and rests on the diaphragm • Within the mediastinum • Bordered laterally by lungs, posteriorly by vertebral column, and anteriorly by sternum

  8. Coverings of the Heart • Pericardium = encloses the heart and proximal ends of the large blood vessels • Has 3 layers • Fibrous pericardium – outer bag of dense connective tissue

  9. Coverings of the Heart • Delicate double layered sac (serous pericardium) • Visceral pericardium – innermost layer covering heart • Parietal pericardium – forms the inner lining of the fibrous pericardium • The two layers are continuous at the base of the heart • Between is the pericardial cavity which is filled with serous fluid (reduces friction)

  10. Wall of the Heart • 3 distinct layers • Epicardium – outer layer that corresponds to the visceral pericardium • Myocardium – thick middle layer consisting mostly of cardiac muscle tissue • Endocardium – inner layer consisting of epithelium and connective tissue

  11. Heart Chambers and Valves • Internally divided into 4 hollow chambers • Atria = upper chambers with thin walls that receive blood returning to the heart • Ventricles = lower chambers with thick walls that contract to force blood out of the heart • Septum = solid wall separating left and right sides

  12. Heart Chambers and Valves • The right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the smaller coronary sinus • Tricuspid valve = permits blood to move from the right atrium to the right ventricle and prevents backflow

  13. Heart Chambers and Valves • Chordaetendineae = strong fibrous strings that attach the cusps of the tricuspid valve • Papillary muscles = small mounds of cardiac muscle that connect chordaetendineae to the walls of the ventricle • Prevents the cusps from swinging back into the atria

  14. Heart Chambers and Valves • The right ventricle must only pump blood to the lungs • Blood exits through the pulmonary valve • Leads to the pulmonary trunk which divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries

  15. Heart Chambers and Valves • The left atrium receives blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins • Mitral valve (bicuspid valve) = allows blood to pass from the left atrium to the left ventricle and prevents backflow • Also has papillary muscles and chordaetendineae

  16. Heart Chambers and Valves • The left ventricle must pump blood through the aorta to the entire body • Blood exits through the aortic valve

  17. Heart Chambers and Valves • Atrioventricular (A-V) valves • Mitral and tricuspid valves • Between the atria and the ventricles • Semilunar valves • Pulmonary and aortic valves • Name due to the half-moon shapes of the cusps

  18. Skeleton of the Heart • Rings of dense connective tissue surround the pulmonary trunk and aorta • Provide firm attachments for the heart valves and muscle fibers

  19. Path of Blood Through the Heart • Blood that is low in oxygen from the body  vena cava and coronary sinus  right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle  pulmonary valve  pulmonary trunk to the lungs • Blood that is high in oxygen from the lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium  mitral valve  left ventricle  aortic valve  aorta to the rest of the body

  20. Blood Supply to the Heart • Coronary arteries = first 2 branches of the aorta that supply blood to the tissues of the heart • Blood drains from the heart into the coronary veins which join to form the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium

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