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Civilization. Civilization. What is Civilization Advanced Cities Specialized Workers Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew. Traders, priests, government officials
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Civilization • What is Civilization • Advanced Cities • Specialized Workers • Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization • As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew. • Traders, priests, government officials • Complex Institutions (well organized central governments • Government, religions, and economy • Soaring population made government necessary • Education systmen
Civilization • Writing (Record Keeping) • As government, religion and economy grew so did the need for record keeping. • Writing system is development • Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols, then sounds • Advance Technology • New tools • Farmers stated to use animals and nature • Melting copper and tin together made bronze • Public Works: building irrigations systems, roads, bridges and defensive walls
Civilization • Social Classes; • Ranked according to their jobs • Priests, wealthy merchants, artisans, peasants, then slaves • Arts and Architecture: Expressed the beliefs and values of people • Complex Religion • Polytheistic: many gods: sun god, river god, moon god.
How did Civilization Start • Villages grew into cities • Communities were based on agriculture • Domesticated animals became more common • Population increased • Economic Changes • Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue other jobs • Developed skills besides farming • Craftspeople • Trade with other villages stated • Two Important inventions: Wheel and sail (Mesopotamian)
How did Civilization Start • III Social Changes • Complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of the village life. • Social classes starting to form • Religion is more organized • Polytheistic
Civilization • Spread of Civilization • City-states started to form • Empires were territories controlled by one ruler. ( Group of city-states) • Interactions with nomads (culture diffusion) • Civilization and Change • Environmental changes • Interactions among peoples (Culture Diffusion)
Ancient Civilizations I. Early River Valley • Neolithic Period, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys • River valleys provided rich soil for crops & protection from invasions • Fertile Crescent II. Locations and Time Frame (3500B.C. to 500B.C.) • Egyptian: Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa) • Mesopotania: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys • Indus River Valley: Indian • Huang He Valley: China • Others: • Hebrew: Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River valley • Phoenicians: along the Mediterranean Sea coast • Kush : located on the upper Nile River (South)
Mesopotamian Civilization I. Location • People started top settle in the Southern parts of the Fertile Crescent before 4500 B.C. • These people were called Sumerians II Sumerian (City State) • Geography; • Fertile Crescent, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • River flooded yearly: Dry hot summers, No rainfall after the floods. • No natural barriers for protection • Surplus of wheat and barley
Sumer • Earliest cities in southern Mesopotamia • Agriculture and trade (as far away as India) • Sumerians • Developed the wheel • Created first writing system (cuneiform) • Devised a mathematical system and astronomy
Mesopotamian Civilization III Great Solutions: • Large irrigation ditches to irrigate their fields and for protection. • These activities required organization, cooperation, and leadership • This is the beginning of organized government and laws IV Government and Society • World’s first city states • Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government, • Centralized government based on religion authority • Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties • Women lost status overtime.
Code of Hammurabi • FIRST WRITTEN LAWS ******* • Needed a single, uniformed code of law • Code listed 282 specific laws dealing with everything from family relationships to business • Different punishment for rich and poor and for men and women • *******Important Idea: It reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society
Religion • Religion and Mythology • Polytheistic religious belief reflected harshness of war and struggle with unpredictable environment • War-like gods who possessed total control over human lives • Sacrifices, rituals, temples (ziggurats) • Power of priests and priestesses
SumerianScience and Technology • Irrigation • Bronze • Wheel, Sail, Ramp and plow • Basic algebra and geometry. • Strong in Astronomy which led to calendars
Language and writing • Pictograms: Earliest written symbols • Hieroglyphics: Egypt • Cuneiform: Sumer • Alphabet: Phoenicia
A pictogram- a simplified picture used in early forms of writing
Sumerian Writing • Cuneiform: • Need to keep records • Developed from pictographs • Recorded myths, laws, treaties, and business • Scribes Video Writing
Egyptian Culture • Writing • Hieroglyphic • Earliest forms were pictures • Later pictures stood for a sound • Written on papyrus • Science and Technolgy • Pyramids, Mathematics, geometry & Calendar.
Phoenicians: • Sailors and Traders • Settle along the eastern Mediterranean • Colonized throughout the Mediterranean, as far away as Sicily and Spain • Alphabet*****************************
China • Writing- very difficult • 10,000 characters • calligraphy- art form
Egyptian Civilization • Location • North Africa • Nile River Valley • Delta • Government: • Theocracy • Pharaohs
Egyptian Culture • Religion and Life • Polytheistic • Pharaoh viewed as god as well • Death: After life • Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse • Built great pyramids: TOMBS • Society: Hereditary • Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class • Women had a higher status & greater independence
