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Understanding the Cell Cycle: A Step-by-Step Guide

Explore the fascinating world of the cell cycle, from interphase to cytokinesis. Learn about the stages of mitosis, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and more. Discover how cells divide and replicate in a continuous process of growth and renewal.

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Understanding the Cell Cycle: A Step-by-Step Guide

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  1. The Cell Cycle • The “life span” of a cell can be broken up into 3 distinct parts • While distinct, note that the stages occur continuously, one after another

  2. Interphase • Longest phase • Also called the resting phase – however, there is still cell activities occurring, like respiration, growth and repair • Chromosomes appear as threads of chromatin that cannot be seen under the microscope

  3. Interphase Toward the end of interphase, just before mitosis is to occur: • Centrioles in an animal cell replicates (now 2 pairs) • Chromatin threads replicate, producing 2 identical chromatin threads joined at the centromere • Chromatin start to coil and condense to form chromosomes (can now be seen under light microscope) Chromatin thread Centromere Chromosome

  4. Stages of Mitosis • After the resting phase, cells undergo mitosis • Mitosis consists of 4 stages

  5. Prophase • Early prophase: • Chromatin threads complete condensing and coiling to form chromosomes which consists of sister chromatids joined at the centromere • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell • Asters (made of microtubules) form around the centrioles • Nucleolus in nucleus disappears

  6. Prophase • Late prophase: • Nuclear envelope disappears • Spindle fibres made from the microtubules form the spindle Nuclear envelope disappears Spindle made from spindle fibres

  7. Metaphase • Chromosomes line themselves up along the equator of the spindle • Each centromere becomes attached to one spindle fibre

  8. Anaphase • Centromeres split • Spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell • Sister chromatids are now known as daughter chromosomes

  9. Telophase • Spindle fibres break down • Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes at each pole of the cell • Nucleolus forms at each pole of the cell • Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen to form chromatin threads again

  10. Cytokinesis • The division of cytoplasm occurs • Begins to happen during telophase • Cleavage furrow appears between the 2 poles of the cell • Cleavage furrow deepens until 2 identical daughter cells are produced • In plant cells, cleavage furrows in the cytoplasm do not occur due to the presence of the cell wall • Instead, small fluid-filled vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move between the 2 poles and fuse to form a cell plate

  11. Cytokinesis

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