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Pathognomonic Pathology

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Pathognomonic Pathology

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    1. Pathognomonic Pathology

    2. Giant Cell Tumour

    3. Giant Cells

    4. Chordoma

    5. Physaliferous cells

    6. Parosteal Osteosarcoma

    7. School of Fish

    8. Chondroblastoma

    9. Chicken-wire Calcification

    10. Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

    11. Snakes and Blood

    12. Ewings Sarcoma

    13. Pseudorosettes

    14. Syndromes and Diseases

    15. Clinical presentation of multiple enchondromatosis with hemangiomas in which patients more commonly experience malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma

    16. Maffucci Syndrome

    17. Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by caf-au-lait spots, axillary or inguinal freckling, eye findings, nerve lesions and bony abnormalities such as long bone cortical thinning

    18. Neurofibromatosis Type I or von Recklinghausen Disease

    19. Syndrome involving caf-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and autonomous endocrine dysfunction (most commonly leading to precocious puberty)

    20. McCune-Albright Syndrome

    21. An autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by a tetrad of abnormal growths including multiple osteomas, intestinal polyposis, soft tissue fibromas and cutaneous sebaceous cysts.

    22. Gardners Syndrome

    23. Familial cancer syndrome leading to increased risk of sarcoma, breast cancer and other CNS tumors

    24. LiFraumeni Syndrome

    25. Form of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, or Histiocytosis X, defined by the classic triad of exopthalmus, diabetes insipidus and bone lesions

    26. Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease

    27. Differential Diagnosis

    28. Breast cancer Lung cancer Thyroid cancer Prostate cancer Renal cell carcinoma

    29. Metastatic bone lesions

    30. Ewings sarcoma Osteosarcoma Infection Eosinophilic granuloma Hematologic malignancy Metastatic tumor (Wilms, Neuroblastoma)

    31. Pediatric aggressive/malignant lesions

    32. Giant cell tumour Osteoblastoma Chondroblastoma Aneurysmal bone cyst Chondromyxoid Fibroma

    33. Benign-aggressive lesions

    34. Lymphoma Acute leukemia Desmoplastic round cell tumour Ewings sarcoma/PNET Rhabdomyosarcoma Wilms tumour Neuroblastoma

    35. Small round blue-cell tumors

    36. Osteoblastoma Osteoid Osteoma ABC Osteochondroma Metastases

    37. Posterior spine lesions

    38. Chondrosarcoma Metastasis Chordoma GCT ABC

    39. Sacral lesions

    40. Dont forget.

    41. Medical complication seen in patients with Pagets disease related to their hypermetabolic state

    42. High-output cardiac failure (or hypercalcemia)

    43. Malignant lesion on the differential diagnosis for an epiphyseal lesion in a skeletally mature individual

    44. Clear-cell chondrosarcoma

    45. Radiologic investigation to rule out other bone lesions as part of systemic staging for eosinophilic granuloma

    46. Skeletal survey

    47. Malignant tumour on the differential diagnosis of a metaphyseal/epiphyseal lesion in a skeletally mature individual which resembles GCT on X-ray

    48. Telangiectatic osteosarcoma

    49. Benign aggressive lesion which occasionally will metastasize to the lung necessitating a CXR as part of the patients work-up

    50. Chondroblastoma or GCT

    51. Solitary, non-neoplastic proliferation of histiocytes which is always on the differential diagnosis for a pediatric lesion

    52. Eosinophilic granuloma

    53. Spot Diagnosis

    55. Pagets disease

    57. Aneurysmal bone cyst

    59. Osteochondroma

    61. Eosinophilic granuloma

    63. Lipoma

    65. Osteoma or Bone island

    66. Investigations

    67. The process of completing radiologic and laboratory investigations to determine the extent of disease in a patient with a bone or soft tissue tumor

    68. Local and systemic staging

    69. Ancillary test performed to look for systemic micrometastases in children with Ewings sarcoma

    70. Bone marrow aspirate

    71. Investigation performed on tumor tissue to look for specific gene abnormalities associated with specific tumor types

    72. Cytogenetics

    73. 2 laboratory investigations performed to diagnose Multiple Myeloma

    74. Serum protein electrophoresis and urine for Bence-Jones protein

    75. Special pathologic staining tool used to identify cell-surface markers in order to determine the type of cell found in a tumor

    76. Immunohistochemistry

    77. A type of radiologic investigation, of which CT and MRI are examples, that is used to gain further information about the local extent of a bone or soft tissue tumor

    78. Cross-sectional imaging

    79. Genes etc.

    80. Genetic translocation and resulting fusion protein most commonly found in Ewings sarcoma

    81. t(11;22) and EWS-Fli1

    82. Germ cell layer from which bone and soft tissue sarcomas arise

    83. Mesoderm

    84. Cell surface marker for which Ewings sarcoma will stain positive on immunohistochemistry

    85. CD99

    86. Pattern of inheritance seen in 60-70% of cases of multiple hereditary exostoses (a.k.a. familial osteochondromatosis)

    87. Autosomal dominant

    88. Characteristic genetic translocation found is almost all synovial sarcomas which affects the morphology and clinical behaviour of the tumour

    89. t(X;18)

    90. Most common form of cell type found in primary lymphoma of bone

    91. Large B-cell

    92. Percentages

    93. The percentage of all cancers accounted for by sarcomas, leading to the diagnosis of 1,200 new sarcomas per year in Canada (950 soft tissue and 250 bone)

    94. < 1%

    95. Percentage of unicameral bone cysts occurring in the proximal femur or proximal humerus

    96. 90%

    97. Time-frame in which 80% of soft-tissue sarcomas will metastasize (80% of the time going to the lung)

    98. 2 years

    99. The average 5-year survival rate for bone sarcomas is 60-70%. The rate for soft tissue sarcomas is lower at this number.

    100. 50%

    101. 90% of diagnoses of osteosarcoma are made in this Enneking stage (high-grade extracompartmental)

    102. II B

    103. Percentage of patients with the breast, lung, renal, thyroid or prostate cancer who have bone lesions at autopsy

    104. 85%

    105. Location, Location, Location

    106. Characteristic change in location of a UBC seen as a result of longitudinal growth of the involved bone

    107. Metaphyseal to diaphyseal

    108. Benign, intramedullary cartilage-forming tumor most commonly found in the short tubular bones of the hands and feet

    109. Enchondroma

    110. Anatomic location, or part of the body, in which more than 40% of soft tissue sarcomas occur

    111. The thigh

    112. Location of lesion that is a negative prognostic factor for survival in patients with Ewings sarcoma

    113. Pelvis

    114. Approximately 50% of osteoblastomas occur in this location, often leading to backache and a reactive scoliosis

    115. Posterior elements of the spine

    116. Location in which 30-40% of chordomas are found, making it the second most common location for this tumour

    117. Base of the skull

    118. Radiology

    119. Low values of these two radiofrequency parameters tell you an MRI image is a T1 sequence, whereas high values indicate a T2 or sequence

    120. TR and TE

    121. Radiologic sign seen 20% of the time in the setting of a pathologic fracture through a UBC when a piece of cortical bone falls into the centre of the cyst

    122. Fallen leaf sign

    123. Benign proliferative disease of synovium, most commonly affecting the knee, which appears dark on T1 and dark on T2

    124. Pigmented villonodular synovitis

    125. Morphologic characteristic easily seen on CT scan which will differentiate this benign sessile osteochondroma from other lesions

    126. Cortical continuity between the lesion and normal bone

    127. Plain X-ray finding suggestive of a malignant process that may be described as onion-skinning or sunburst in appearance

    128. Periosteal reaction

    129. Description of the pattern of calcification seen here which is typical of cartilage-forming matrix

    130. Popcorn calcification or arcs and rings or stippled calcification

    131. How do we treat it?

    132. First-line surgical procedure for PVNS which can be performed either open or arthroscopically

    133. Complete synovectomy

    134. Neoadjuvant therapy modalities to which chondrosarcoma does not respond such that surgery remains the mainstay of therapy

    135. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy

    136. A surgical technique used in oncologic surgery designed to prevent limb loss with the goals of resolution of the disease process and improved functional outcome

    137. Limb salvage surgery

    138. The purpose for which radiation therapy is employed either before or after surgical excision of a soft tissue sarcoma

    139. Improved local control

    140. Treatment modality employed prior to surgical excision of Ewings sarcoma

    141. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

    142. A minimally invasive treatment option very commonly used as an alternative to intralesional curettage for symptomatic osteoid osteomas

    143. Radiofrequency ablation

    144. Mixed Bag

    145. Two benign bone-forming lesions which are histologically identical but differentiated by size; one is smaller than 2 cm and one is 2 cm or larger

    146. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma

    147. Ratio of benign to malignant lesions in bone and soft tissue tumors

    148. 20:1

    149. Malignant degeneration of remnants of this embryologic structure is believed to give rise to chordoma

    150. Notochord

    151. An increase in the thickness of this structure is a sign of possible malignant degeneration of an osteochondroma, which occurs < 1% of the time in solitary lesions

    152. Cartilage cap

    153. Benign intramedullary lesion on the differential diagnosis for an enchondroma which is identified by its characteristic peripheral calcification

    154. Medullary bone infarct

    155. College where Dr. Ghert did her orthopedic surgery residency

    156. Duke

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