1 / 59

Chapter 15

Chapter 15 . The Family. Chapter Outline. The Nature of Families Perspectives on the Family Dynamics of Mate Selection and Marriage The Black Family: A Case Study in Resilience. The Nature of Families.

lisacruz
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 15

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 15 The Family

  2. Chapter Outline • The Nature of Families • Perspectives on the Family • Dynamics of Mate Selection and Marriage • The Black Family: A Case Study in Resilience

  3. The Nature of Families • In all known societies almost everyone is socialized within a network of family rights and obligations. • In simple societies, many essential functions are performed by the family. • In modern societies, most functions traditionally performed by the family are performed by other social institutions.

  4. Social Goals of The Family • Control of Reproduction • Socialization of new generations • “Social placement” of children in the institutions of the larger society

  5. The Family: Institutional Differentiation

  6. The Family: Institutional Differentiation

  7. The Family: Institutional Differentiation

  8. Defining the Family • A family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. • Nuclear family refers to 2 or more people related by conjugal ties or adoption who share a household. • The nuclear family in which a person is born is the family of orientation. • The nuclear family formed through marriage or cohabitation is the family of procreation.

  9. Defining the Family • A conventional nuclear family, with a father, mother, and two children.

  10. Defining the Family • An extended family, with three generations of family members, including aunts, uncles, and cousins.

  11. Traditional Family • The family of two parents and their children is no longer the typical American family. • There have been dramatic increases in alternative households: • Women raising children alone • Households of unrelated single people • Women and men living alone • Unmarried same-sex couples

  12. Households by Type: (% distribution)

  13. Trends in Single-Parent and Two-Parent Families with Children Under Age 18

  14. Kinship Diagram • This diagram shows the family relationships of a hypothetical individual, Ego. Ego was born and socialized in a family of orientation. Ego formed a family of procreation.

  15. Families and the Economy • In the United States and most urban industrial nations, increasing numbers of married women with children are in the labor force. • Families need the income women earn and women with high-level skills wish to pursue careers. • In families in which both parents work, time pressures on the family increase. • As family members work longer hours, role conflicts and stresses within the family also increase.

  16. Percentage of Mothers in the Labor Force

  17. Types of U.S. Married-Couple Households

  18. Effects of the Recession

  19. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  20. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  21. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  22. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  23. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  24. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Stamp Participants

  25. Glick’s Family Life Cycle • Family formation: first marriage • Start of childbearing: birth of first child • End of childbearing: birth of last child • “Empty nest”: marriage of last child • “Family dissolution”: death of one spouse

  26. Estimated Median Age at First Marriage, United States

  27. Stages of the Family Life Cycle Stage 1: Between families Stage 2: Joining of families through marriage Stage 3: The family with young children Stage 4: The family with adolescents Stage 5: Launching children and moving on Stage 6: The family in later life

  28. Stage 1: Between families • Emotional Process: Accepting parent–child separation • Changes In Family Status: • Differentiation of self in relation to family of origin • Development of intimate peer relationships • Establishment of self in work

  29. Stage 2: Joining of Families Through Marriage • Emotional Process: Commitment to new system • Changes In Family Status: • Formation of marital system • Realignment of relationships with extended families and friends to include spouse

  30. Stage 3: The Family With Young Children • Emotional Process: Accepting new generation of members into the system • Changes In Family Status: • Adjusting marital system to make space for children • Taking on parenting roles • Realignment of relationships with extended family

  31. Stage 4: The Family With Adolescents • Emotional Process: Increasingly flexible boundaries to include children’s independence • Changes In Family Status: • Shift in relationships so adolescents can move in and out of the system • Refocus on marital and career issues • Beginning shift to concerns for older generation

  32. Stage 5: Launching Children and Moving on • Emotional Process: Accepting multiple exits from and entries into the family system • Changes In Family Status: • Renegotiation of marital system as a dyad • Development of adult relationships between children and parents • Realignment of relationships to include in-laws and grandchildren • Dealing with disabilities and death of parents

  33. Stage 6: The Family in Later Life • Emotional Process: Shifting generational roles • Changes In Family Status: • Maintaining interests in face of physiological decline; exploring new role options. • A more central role for middle generation. • Making room in the system for the wisdom and experience of the elderly. • Dealing with loss of spouse, siblings, and other peers, and preparation for own death.

  34. Theoretical Perspectives

  35. Theoretical Perspectives

  36. Child Care Arrangements

  37. Mate Selection and Marriage • In all cultures mate selection is carried out according to basic rules of bargaining and exchange. • Important factors include: • Knowing who controls the marriage contract • What values each family tries to maximize in the contract • How the society’s stratification system shapes the exchange process

  38. Arranged Marriage Factors in the negotiations between families: • Family prestige • Wealth • Physical attractiveness of the bride and groom

  39. Homogamy • The tendency to marry a person similar to oneself in social background. • Homogamy generally serves to maintain the separateness of racial and religious groups.

  40. Mate Selection • Theory of Complementary Needs • People who fall in love tend to be alike in social characteristics but different in their psychological needs. • Theory of emotional reciprocity • Blau’s theory that relationships usually flourish when people feel satisfied with the exchanges between them.

  41. Cohabitation • Cohabitation before marriage, does not result in greater marital stability. • Within 10 years of the wedding, 38% of those who had lived together before marriage had divorced, compared to 27% of those who had married without cohabiting beforehand.

  42. Lesbian and Gay Families • There is substantial evidence that growing up in a lesbian or gay family does not have a negative influence on child development. • The 2000 Census included data on 601,209 gay and lesbian families: • 304,148 were gay male families and 297,061 were lesbian families. • These families were living in 99.3% of all U.S. counties.

  43. Sources Of Marital Instability • Inadequate role performance, including disputes over the division of household duties. • The couple met “on the rebound.” • One partner wants to live at a great distance from his or her family of orientation. • The spouses’ family backgrounds are different in terms of race, religion, education, or social class.

  44. Sources of Marital Instability • The couple is dependent on one of the extended families for income, shelter, or emotional support. • The couple married after knowing each other less than 6 months or an engagement of over 3 years. • Unstable marital patterns in extended family. • The wife became pregnant before or within the first year of marriage.

  45. The Impact of Divorce • Women suffer an average decline of about 30% in their income in the year after separation, while men experience a 10% increase. • Almost 40% of divorced mothers move within the first year after divorce, and another 20% move after a year, a rate far higher than that for married couples.

  46. The Black Family: A Case Study in Resilience • Data show that teen pregnancy, female-headed families, and children being raised in poverty are related to social class, rather than race. • However, more blacks are found in the lower income levels making these problems proportionally more serious for blacks. • The black family has shown surprising resilience. • Although within a given black family there may be households headed by single women, the extended family often provides substantial support.

  47. Birth Rate for Teenagers Age 15–17: United States

  48. Birth Rate for Teenagers Age 18–19: United States

  49. Quick Quiz

  50. 1. Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the necessity of actually observing family dynamics firsthand in order to understand the behavior of members? • Conflict • Functionalist • Interactionist • rational-choice

More Related