India and SouthEast Asia

1. India and SouthEast Asia

2. What geographic zones would you break India into?

3. The Hindu Caste System

4. Ashoka 272-232 BCE • Last of the great Mauryan Emperors • Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early life • After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka converted to Buddhism

6. What might account for the emergence of human images of the Buddha? The elongated earlobes remind the viewers that, earlier in his life the prince Siddhartha had worn heavy and luxurious earrings. What does their absence suggest about his transformation as the Buddha?

7. What elements of Buddhists imagery can you identify in this statue?

8. How does this Buddha image differ from the other Buddhas? Why might this image be appealing to some Buddhists, and why might others take exception to it?

9. B. The Vedic Age, 1500 – 500 BCE

10. Comparison: The classical empires formed between 500 b.c.e. and 500 c.e. differed from earlier First Civilizations in all EXCEPT which of the following ways? a. Classical empires were in general larger than First Civilizations. b. Classical empires possessed professionally organized armies, which allowed them to rule in part through coercion of conquered peoples. c. Classical empires were rarely ruled by monarchs. d. Classical empires in general possessed more elaborate means of administering the empire than First Civilizations.

11. Comparison: Which of the following is a reason why classical empires did not prosper to the same extent in India as elsewhere? a. The chronic economic underdevelopment of India b. India’s lack of cultural diversity c. The lack of political leaders intent on conquest d. The social structure of India

12. The Indian Subcontinent Monsoon – Indian Ocean Multiple harvests per year Indus Valley – arid, needs irrigation Trade with Arabia – Indonesia Indus River Valley Civilization fell 1900 BCE, writing, cause of fall? I. Foundations of Indian Civilization

13. What impact did the Aryan invasions starting in the 1600s have on the Indian subcontinent? • Compare and contrast the Indian caste system with the use of slavery in Greece and Rome.

14. 700 BCE – spiritual opposition Moksha, Upanishads Jainism (Mahavira) Siddhartha Guatama (563 – 483 BCE) Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path LIVE IN MODERATION Nirvana – release Later – hierarchy, institutions Buddha/Bodhisatvas Influence of Greeks on depictions Mahayana (Great Vehicle) Theravada (Teachings of the Elders) C. Challenges to the Old Order: Jainism and Buddhism

15. Explain WHY Buddhism rose and declined in India.

16. 4th c. CE - Vedic tradition adjusted (north and south) Gods/worshippers Vishnu Shiva Devi Diversity – unity Temples, puja, pilgrimage, festivals Impact of class on worship New expectations of life/duties Inclusion of Buddhism/Jainism D. The Rise of Hinduism

17. Compare and contrast the impact that Buddhism and Hinduism had on the individual worshipper.

18. Difficulty in obtaining POLITICAL unity The Mauryan Empire, 324 – 184 BCE 600 BCE - Many kingdoms Magadha most powerful, Ganges plain Chandragupta Arthashastra Administration (taxes, governors, army, mines, urban committees) Pataliputra Ashoka – Buddhism, nonviolence, religious tolerance II. Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 BCE – 650 CE

19. Why was the Mauryan Empire the first to achieve political unity in India?

20. Foreign powers: Greco – Bacrian, Shakas, Kushans Political fragmentation BUT active commerce/trade Ramayana and Mahabharata (Bhagavad – Gita) Tension: duty to society vs. soul Disciplined action – service – release from reincarnation Indian doctors Linguistics – Sanskrit Andhra Dynasty/Three Tamil Kingdoms Classical Period (arts) B. Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation

21. How does the Bhagavad – Gita demonstrate the impact that Buddhism had on Vedic traditions?

22. C. The Gupta Empire, 320 – 550 CE • Modeled on Mauryans • Chandra Gupta (r. 320 – 325) – control over commerce, resources, monopolies • Subjects – labor • Bureaucracy in CORE, governors exploited periphery, army ensured tribute • “Theater – state” – benefits of empire • Mathematics, sciences • Women: property, education, marriage, sati • Options: nun or courtesan • Monarchs: Hindus • Resurgence: Vedic practices, Brahmin priests, class and caste, temples • Commerce • Collapse - Huns

23. Does the “theater – state” model entirely explain how the Gupta Empire was able to control a vast array of kingdoms under its rule? Explain why or why not.

24. III. Southeast Asia, 50 – 600 CE • Geographical Areas • Climate, agricultural practices, products • Malay peoples (3000 BCE) – migration, navigational skills • Rainforests, bronze, water (councils) • Chinese control: N. Indochina • Commerce and Hindu – Buddhist Culture • New trade route – silk • Route: South China Sea – Malay Peninsula – Bay of Bengal - India • Later goods: woods, spices, etc.

25. Commerce brought culture Missionaries, pilgrims Indian knowledge/arts Funan (1st – 6th c. CE) Economic center: agriculture and trade Strategic location Decline II. Continued…

26. Compare and contrast the cores of Pataliputra and Funan.