1. Multiplication

2. Objectives • By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: • Demonstrate conceptual understanding of multiplication • Demonstrate familiarity with the four models of multiplication • Multiply two numbers

3. Note to teachers: Multiplicative Thinking • Multiplicative thinking: • Students need to construct and coordinate three aspects of multiplicative situations when they are developing multiplicative thinking: • groups of equal size • the number of groups, and • the total amount. • Students then need to move from the models and representations that work for whole numbers to more general ideas accommodating rational numbers and algebra. • These more general ideas include: • ratio • proportion • multiplicative comparison • multiplication of measures, and • the use of intensive quantities.

4. Note to teachers: Multiplicative Thinking • Multiplicative thinking: • Researchers have identified four distinct sorts of multiplicative structures: • Equal groups, • Multiplicative comparisons, • Combinations, • Areas/arrays (Greer, 1992) • Problems involving the first two of theses structures are most common in elementary school, although students should eventually become familiar with all four. You are not expected to teach these labels to children, but you should try to unsure that they encounter a broad range of problem situations involving multiplication and division.

5. Activity 1: Relate Multiplication to Addition There are 5 students. Each student is holding up both hands in the air. How many hands are up in the air? Teacher Notes

6. Brainstorming Do you remember?

7. Let’s practice

8. Brainstorming

9. Table 4 Use the fact that a dog has 4 legs to construct multiplication table 4

10. Brainstorming

11. Brainstorming

12. Let’s try this! If there are 9 starfish, there would be 45 arms?

13. Table 6 What is the total number of score on these dice? Total number of score

14. Table 7- The Seven Dwarfs Use the fact that Snow white had 7 Dwarfs to construct multiplication table 7

15. Table 7- The Seven Dwarf What is the total number of dwarfs? Total number of score

16. Table 8 Use the fact an octopus has 8 tentacles to construct multiplication table 8.

17. Table 8 What is the total number of tentacles of the three octopus? Total number of score 8

18. Table 9

19. Table 9

20. Multiplication in symbolic form

21. Brainstorming

22. Let’s Practice Q1: • True • False

23. Let’s Practice Q2:

24. Let’s practice

25. Skip counting Example: Example:

26. Activity 2: Skip Counting Activity outside the class: Students are asked to queue up and walk to the playground. Students are asked questions individually (multiplication tables)

27. Activity 3

28. Activity 3: Hopscotch Counting Instructions: Draw out 12 hopscotch squares (using chalks) Pick up a times table. ( we have used ten multiplication tables.) Write the multiplies into each of the squares. Get your student to hop to the square (that they have thrown a stone into.) Shouting out the multiplications (to the product as they go along.)

29. Activity 3: Hopscotch Counting • Instructions: • Another way you can play this is to: • Write down a mixture of things. A few multiplications, divisions and product of the times tables. • And your student will shout the answer as they hop along.

30. Let’s practice

31. Recall: Multiplication Tables Do you remember?

32. Let’s Practice: Multiplication Tables

33. Let’s Practice: Multiplication Tables

34. Equal groups means there are 5 equal groups with 3 items in each groups. = 15

35. Equal groups

36. Let’s practice

37. Let’s try this!

38. Multiplication Arrays

39. Multiplication Arrays

40. Brainstorm: Multiplication Arrays • Ask the students how many balls there are in all. • Then ask them how they found the answer. • Discuss how there are 4 groups and each group has 5 balls. • Have students identify the repeated addition problem and the multiplication problem. • Next ask students if they know an easier way to count the groups. Allow time for them brainstorm with a partner. • Help lead students to recall arrays. • Have a student come to the board to move the balls into a 4 x 5 array.

41. Multiplication Arrays I have 12 counters. How could I arrange them into equal rows?

42. Example of Arrays

43. Let’s Practice!

44. Let’s Practice!

45. Let’s Practice!

46. Multiplication Arrays

47. Array

48. Array

49. Let Practice - Using Arrays

50. Area