EBL Oral Presentation

1. EBL Oral Presentation By: ArunKhurana, Rachel O’Neill, Elizabeth Warnock, ZunnairAlam, Wing Chan Academic Advisor : Karen Hassell

2. Adrenoreceptor agonists • Adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of drugs used to treat asthma and other pulmonary diseases. • These drugs act on the adrenogenic receptors causing smooth muscles to relax, which results in dilation of bronchial passages. • Adrenoreceptor agonists are most commonly used to treat asthma. • Asthma causes a large problem for modern society as five million people in the UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma (1.1 million children and 4.3 million adults.) • Beta-2 adrenergic agonists are most often administered by inhaling from a pressurized-metered dose inhaler.

3. Orciprenaline Sulphate Form: A white crystalline powder MW: 2(C11H17NO3).H2SO4 = 520.29 Melting point: about 205°C When treating asthma it is given by mouth in a dose of 20mg four times daily. Orciprenaline sulphate also comes in the form of an inhaler or in severe cases of bronchiospasm it can be administered directly as an intramuscular injection. Orciprenalinesuphate, being only partially selective, affects receptors elsewhere in the body and can cause many undesirable side-effects such as arrhythmias, tachycardias and anxiety attacks. A Public Assessment report published by the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) in November 2009 decided that orciprenalinesulphate (Alupent®) should no longer be used in the treatment of asthma. The MHRA is currently working with the manufacturer to carry out a voluntary withdrawal of Alupent® over the next year.

4. Salbutamol Metabolism: Hepatic Half-Life: 1.6 hours Excretion: Renal Formula: C13H21NO3 = 239.311 It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline as Ventolin, Aerolin or Ventorlin. Salbutamol was the first selective Β2-receptor agonist to be marketed — in 1968. It was first sold by Allen & Hanburys under the brand name Ventolin. Salbutamol is specifically indicated by Acute asthma. The most common side effects are of fine tremor, nervousness , headache, muscle cramps, dry mouth and palpitation. The selectivity of Salbutamol depends on the dose given. Inhalation of drugs aids selectivity as it delivers small but effective doses to the airways thus helping in minimizing systemic exposure. After inhalation, the onset of drug action takes an intermediate amount of time ( bronchodilation is produced for about 6 hours ) .

5. Melting Point: 216oC-222oC • Molecular formula: C10H15NO,HCl =201.7 • It exists as colourless crystals or a white crystalline powder. Ephedrine Hydrochloride Ephedrine hydrochloride helps to relieve the symptoms caused by asthma. It helps to relax the smooth muscles present in the lungs, this is turn allows the bronchial discharge to flow out from the bronchial tubes to generate more cough. Dosage: This medication should be taken 3 times a day, by mouth. It may take a few hours before the full benefit of the drug takes effect. Athletes all over the world use ephedrine chloride not only to boost energy levels, but to help lower their weight by the reduction of body fat. Ephedrine noticeably stimulates the central nervous system, increasing the heart rate and has an overall heat producing effect on most tissues in the body.

7. The economic impact of asthma • Direct costs • Hospital costs • Costs of home care • Alternative medicine • Nursing home costs • Ambulance callouts • Indirect costs • Time spent by others caring for sick relatives • Physical resources – e.g. the number of missing days lost or the number of premature deaths • Short-term absence due to sickness • Long-term absence such as early retirement • The value of a lost school day – the cost of lost school days should be measured as a reduction in the earning resulting from how the disease affects the returns on education. The time lost from work for parents who have to care for their sick children should also be counted. • Costs of unpaid input- When a person is suffering from an illness, the household atmosphere maybe affected as the sick member of the household is unable to contribute to the financial stability, leading to placement of added pressure on the remaining family members.

8. The social impact of asthma • There were 1,200 deaths from asthma in the UK in 2006. On average, three people per day or one person every seven hours dies from asthma. • The effects of asthma on children and adolescent’s social lives are very profound, as they interfere with the children’s ability to play, participate in school activities and form friendships and relationships. • Studies show that one in three 7 year old children who suffered from asthmatic symptoms had missed more than 50 days' schooling as a direct result of asthma. • School absence can lead to psychological problems as a result of the child feeling different, inferior or being overprotected. These problems can in turn exacerbate the symptoms of asthma. • Some adults find their asthma is made worse by dust or fumes at work. This is known as work-aggravated asthma. • For this type of asthma, employees should talk to their employer as soon as possible about relocating so that they are no longer exposed to the sensitizer that's causing their asthma.

9. Thank you for listening to our presentation. We hope you found it informative. Please feel free to ask any questions.