Chapter 21: A Nation Divided

Chapter 21: A Nation Divided 21.1– Compromise over slavery worked for years. But as the country expanded west, the question of slave and free land/states increased, and the issue couldn’t be ignored. It was a moral issue!

21.2: Confronting the issue about Slavery • States North of the Ohio River = free states • Alabama = slave state • Missouri???? • See map on page 404)

21.2: Questions about Missouri • What to do with lands west of the Mississippi River? • If a state west of the Mississippi River was slave, would slavery spread to all future states in the Louisiana Territory?

21.2: Tallmedge Amendment • New York Rep. Tallmedge proposed that Missouri be admitted to the Union as a free state • Southern reps said slave/free was for the people of that state to decide, not for Congress to decide • Southern states were fans of states’ rights

21.2: A Deadlocked Congress • Tall. Amendment passed in the HOR • Tall. Amendment failed in the Senate

21.3: The Missouri Compromise • Made in 1820 • The South talked of secession • North said “bring it on!” • (see map on page 404)

21.3: The Compromised is Reached • Henry Clay of Kentucky • Maine = free state • Missouri = slave state • 36 30 parallel line • States above line = free • States below line = slave • Kept a balance of power in Congress

21.3: Reactions to the Compromise • Northerners called their reps traitors for allowing Missouri to become a slave state • Southerners didn’t like the ban on slavery in unorganized territories • Sec. State John Quincy Adams agreed that slavery could dissolve/break up the union

Summary Sentence • Debate continued over free/slave states. Tallmedge Amendment failed, but the Missouri Compromised passed in 1820 with Maine as a free state and Missouri admitted as a slave state. Both sides still unhappy.

21.4: The Missouri Compromise Unravels • 2nd Great Awakening causes people to rethink about slavery • More people join the abolitionist movement

21.4: The “Gag” Rule • Congress votes to table all anti-slavery petitions/ideas • John Quincy Adams proposes that no one can be born into slavery after 1845 • His idea is not even considered by Congress • Gag = can’t talk about it… silenced!

21.4: Southern Fears • Abolitionists continue to attack slavery in the media and in meetings • Nat Turner led a huge slave rebellion in 1831 • As a result of the rebellion, the south made stricter laws to control slaves • They were afraid of more rebellions

21.4: Fugitive Slaves • Runaway slaves • Slaveholders demanded that Congress pass a Fugitive Slave law to help return their property

21.4: Slavery in the Territories • Wilmot Proviso proposed that no land gained from the war with Mexico (Mexican Cession) have slaves • Passed in the HOR but failed in the Senate (just like the Tallmedge Amendment)

21.4: Statehood of California • North wanted California to join the US as a free state • Congress was deadlocked about Cal. • South threatened to secede again • California was a huge piece of land with valuable resources and a big population

21.5: The Compromise of 1850 • Proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky • Needed Webster of Massachusetts for support in the North • (see map on page 407)

21.5: Something for Everyone • North liked California admitted as a free state • North liked that the slave trade was stopped in the nation’s capital Washington DC • South liked the Fugitive Slave Act • South liked that popular sovereignty was to be used in the Utah and New Mexico Territories

21.5: The Compromise is Accepted • Debated in Congress for 9 months • Most were happy with the agreement • South still a bit nervous

21.6: The Compromise of 1850 Fails • Clay and Webster hoped the Compromise of 1850 would quiet things down • The debate intensified

21.6: The Fugitive Slave Act • Hard to enforce • Slave hunters were hounded in the North • The north refused to do something that was against their moral beliefs • The Underground Railroad was used instead

21.6: Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Exposed the horrors of slavery • Abolitionist movement gained support • This book did for the Civil War what Common Sense did for the Revolutionary War

21.6: Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas Nebrska Act • An attempt by the south to make Cuba a southern state…didn’t work • Douglas wanted to build a railroad across the northern plains to California which would increase settlements and population in the North • Douglas made changes to please the South • Popular sovereignty would be used in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories to determine if states would be free or slave (map on page 410)

21.6: Bloodshed in Kansas • After the Kansas Nebraska Act was passed in 1854 both the North and the South sent people to Kansas to influence the vote • Kansas had 2 governments, one for slavery and one against slavery • Slavery supporters burned hotels, homes, etc. in Lawrence, KS (abolitionist base in KS) • Abolitionist John Brown retaliated by killing 5 men suspected of supporting slavery

21.6: Violence in Congress • Senator, Charles Sumner of Massachusetts strongly spoke out against violence in KS • Copies of his speech were distributed all over and the north gained more support • Sumner was later attacked by another Congressman • Both side became more dedicated to their cause

21.7: Dred Scott Decision • A Missouri slave named Dred Scott traveled to Wisconsin where he was free according to the Missouri Compromise • When he returned to Missouri he sued for his freedom thinking that his stay in Wisconsin made him a free man • Judge Roger Taney said that Scott could not sue for freedom because he was not a citizen, he was property • Taney also said that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and therefore his stay in Wisconsin didn’t make him a free man

21.7: North’s View • Hated it • Taney’s ruling was a huge step backward for the abolitionists because the Constitution was not on their side

21.7: South’s View • South rejoiced at the verdict • Hoped the issue of slavery in the territories had been settled

21.8: From Compromise to Crisis • The Dred Scott Case ruling made abolitionist realize that they needed a President to sway things in their favor • They started a new party, the Republican Party, with the purpose of putting an end to the spread of slavery • Lincoln ran for the Senate in Illinois • Said a house divided against itself cannot stand • The US had to be all one thing, all slave or all free

21.8: The Lincoln Douglas Debates • Ran against Stephen Douglas for the Illinois Senate seat • Douglas thought the US could be half free and half slave • Lincoln said slavery was a moral issue and could not be compromised • Lincoln lost the election • His arguments for the morality of slavery spread and made his quite popular

21.8: John Brown’s Raid • Extreme abolitionist John Brown organized a raid of an arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859 • The raid failed and all of Brown’s men were killed • John Brown was hanged for treason

12.8: North’s View • Praised John Brown • Thought he was a hero • A martyr who died for the cause

21.8: South’s View • Thought John Brown was a crazy man • Did not like the way the North viewed him and did not want to be citizens of a country that would praise such a man

21.9: Election of 1860 and Secession • 4 candidates • Lincoln (Illinois) Republican Party • Douglas (Illinois) Northern Democratic Party • Breckenridge (Kentucky) Southern Democratic Party • Bell Constitution (Tennessee)Union Party

21.9: Lincoln is Elected President • The Democratic Party split between Douglas and Breckenridge • Lincoln won with only 40% of the vote

21.9: North’s View • Rejoiced that Lincoln won the presidency

21.9: South’s View View • South realized they were in the minority and that Congress would eventually outlaw slavery

21.9: The South Secedes from the Union • Lincoln made it clear that he would not compromise on slavery • Delegates met in Charleston, South Carolina and voted to secede from the Union • 1861 secession began

21.9: Civil War Begins • Lincoln said in his inaugural address that secession was wrong and unconstitutional • April 12, 1861 the South fired on a federal Fort Sumter in South Carolina • North surrendered

Material to gather and study for Chapter 21 Quiz • Unit objective sheet • A Nation Divided video guide • 21.1-21.3 notes • 21.4-21.6 notes • 21.7-21.9 notes • Election of 1860 graphic • Cause graphic • Causes chart • Orange sheet on Missouri Compromise, Kansas Nebraska Act and the Compromise of 1850 • John Brown primary source analysis • What else could you do to study?

Chapter 21: A Nation Divided