1 / 40

The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li

The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li. Table of Contents. Post UNISOM Somalia TNG and ICU ICU and Ethiopia TNG-ICU Conflict Ethiopian Invasion Islamist Groups Coalition Government Recent Occurrences Problems that the UN face in Somalia UN Role in Somalia Solutions

maia
Télécharger la présentation

The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li

  2. Table of Contents • Post UNISOM Somalia • TNG and ICU • ICU and Ethiopia • TNG-ICU Conflict • Ethiopian Invasion • Islamist Groups • Coalition Government • Recent Occurrences • Problems that the UN face in Somalia • UN Role in Somalia • Solutions • Bibliography • Geography • People • History • Rise of Siad Barre • Siad Barre and Dictatorship • Ogaden War (1977-1978) • Uprising in the NW (1978-1982) • Overthrow of Siad Barre • The Result • More Violence in Somalia • Effect of Turmoil • United Nations Operation in Somalia I • United Nations Operation in Somalia II

  3. Geography • Capital: Mogadishu • Coastline = 2,720 km • Horn of Africa • North • hilly • Central & South • flat "Somalia Map - African Countries, Map of Somalia Facts Landforms - World Atlas." World Atlas including Geography Facts, Maps, Flags - Worldatlas.com. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/so.htm>.

  4. People • 60% = nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists (north) • 25% = farmers who live mainly in the fertile agricultural zone (south) • 15% = urban " Somalia Tips." Somalia Tips. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://somaliatips.files.wordpress.com "Understanding Somalia." MercatorNet: promoting human dignity. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/

  5. History • Clans • Imperialism (late 1800s) • Britain,Italy,France • Independence (June 26th,1960) • United Republic of Somalia • Abdullahi Issa & Aden Abdullah Osman Daar • Abdirashid Ali Shermarke

  6. History (cont.) • Assassination of President Sharmarke • Army seizes power, 1969 • General Siad Barre leads overthrow regime

  7. Rise of Siad Barre • Scientific Socialism • Marxism + Koranic interpretation • Expansionist Somali nationalism • Homogenous, centralized nation-state • Unstable because of clans • Attempted to reclaim territory from Ethiopia

  8. Siad Barre's Dictatorship • Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) • End "tribalism, nepotism, corruption, and misrule" • Aligned with Soviet Union • National Security Services (NSS) • 'Somali Gestapo' • Clan favoritism • M.O.D (the Mareehaan, Ogaden and Dulbahante)

  9. Ogaden War (1977-1978) • Ogaden region in Ethiopia • Somali National Army • 3 years after fall of Ethiopia’s Emperor Haile Sellasie • Soviet Union & Cuba alliance change • Supported new Marxist Ethiopia • Withdrew support from Barre

  10. Ogaden War (1977-1978) cont. • Effects of the war • 1983 → 1.3 million refugees in Somalia • Economy in the north • Clan favoritism & resentment • Issaq clan • Ogadeen clan

  11. Uprising in the NW (1978-1982) • Majeerteenclan • The Red Berets • Destroyed water reservoirs • 2,000 Majeerteen died from thirst • Violence against women/children

  12. Overthrow of Siad Barre • United States government provided $163.5 million to Barre • Lost Iranian ally • 1979 revolution • Horn of Africa to Gulf oil shipping routes • Barre's army =120,000 troops • Somali National Movement (SNM) • 1979 • Isaaq exiles • 1980s → Ogadeen refugees in (north) Isaaq clan territory • 1988 SNM raided refugee camp • Barre = civilian assault

  13. Overthrow of Siad Barre (cont.) • United Somali Congress (USC) • 1989 • Hawiye clan exiles • Red Berets • Violence against Hawiye and Isaaq clans • Bombing of Hargeisa, 2nd largest city, 70% destroyed, 400,000 fled to Ethiopia • January 27th,1991 → USC fought back • Drove Siad Barre out of Mogadishu

  14. The Result • Republic of Somaliland • Somali National Movement (SNM) • NW • MohammadIbrahimEgal → “president of Somaliland • United Somali Congress (USC) • Seized Mogadishu • Siad Barre dies in exile 4 years later → Nigeria

  15. More Violence in Somalia • USC has no plans for permanent government • No reconciliation between factions and armed groups • USC splits • MuhammadFaraAidid &AliMahdi • Mahdi → Somali Salvation Alliance (SSA) • Declared himself “president of Somalia”

  16. More Violence in Somalia (cont.) • Somali National Front (SNF) • Siad Barre's supporters • Guerbaharre • 1991 → 6 months open combat between groups • September 1991 → USC dominated, more street fighting in Mogadishu

  17. Effects of Turmoil • Government & civil society decayed • Food distribution collapsed • Drought exacerbated the effects • Famine in south • 1992, international aid • 80% food shipments looted by armed groups & government • The United Nations decides to intervene

  18. United Nations Operation in Somalia I (April 1992 - March 1993) • Monitor cease fire • Escort delivery of humanitarian supplies • Resolution 751 (1992) • Mission strengthens • Resolution 767 (1992) • Operational zones: Berbera, Bossasso, Mogadishu and Kismayo • Military of 750 units, all ranks • Worked with United Task Force (UNITAF) • Resolution 794 (1992): “All means necessary” • 24 countries led by the USA

  19. UNOSOM I (cont.) • 100-Day Action Plan • massive infusion of food aid • aggressive expansion of supplementary feeding • provision of basic health services and mass measles immunization • urgent provision of clean water, sanitation and hygiene • provision of shelter materials, blankets and clothes • simultaneous delivery of seeds, tools and animal vaccines with food rations • prevention of further refugee outflows • institution-building and rehabilitation of civil society. • Factions shelled and hijacked supply ships and vehicles

  20. Reconciliation • January 1993, meeting convened by the Secretary-General • 14 Somali political movements agreed on a ceasefire • pledged to hand over all weapons to UNITAF and UNOSOM • General Agreement of 8 January 1993 • Agreement On Implementing The Cease-fire And On Modalities Of Disarmament • Agreement On The Establishment Of An Ad Hoc Committee • The Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia (March 1993) • leaders of 15 political movements endorsed an accord on disarmament, reconstruction and the formation of a transitional government.

  21. Transition to UNOSOM II • Supplanted UNITAF • To help ensure a secure environment in Somalia • Rebuild and reestablish • Infrastructure • Economy • Chapter VII, Resolution 814 (1993)

  22. UNOSOM II (March 1993 - March 1995) • Transition of operational control from UNITAF • Effective deployment and consolidation of United Nations operational control throughout Somalia and the border regions • Reduction of UNOSOM II military activity, and assistance to civil authorities in exercising greater responsibility • Reduction of UNOSOM II force

  23. UNOSOM II (cont.) • Soldiers killed by factions → disregarded agreements of ceasefire • Resolution 837 (1993) • Take all necessary measures to defend armed attacks • Quick Reaction Force • Nairobi Declaration & Addis Ababa Agreement • Peace throughout Somalia & ceasefire • Factions/clans broke agreement • Secretary-General urged another conference to appoint new government

  24. End of UNOSOM II • Secretary-General: only the Somalis themselves could establish acceptable peace • International community could help the process → can't be sustained indefinitely • Withdraw of UNOSOM II force → March 28,1995 • United Nations agencies and organizations • NGOs

  25. Blackhawk Down Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden "Black Hawk Down (2001) - IMDb." The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0265086/>. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/>

  26. Post UNOSOM Somalia • Central government • Law system

  27. TNG and the ICU • International Conferences • Area of conflict • ICU dominance • Effect of ICU rule Al-Shabaab declares black Islamic flag in Somalia

  28. ICU and Ethiopia • ICU's power spread • Ethiopian outlook • African Union

  29. ICU-TNG Conflict • African Union thwarted • Arms buildup • Jihad • Baidoa

  30. Ethiopian Invasion • Victory • ICU's Fate

  31. Islamist Groups • Al-Shabaab • Hizbul Islam • Islamic Courts Union

  32. http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/SomaliPiratesHowRansomCollectedisSpent_2191/Somali_piracy.jpghttp://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/SomaliPiratesHowRansomCollectedisSpent_2191/Somali_piracy.jpg

  33. Coalition Government • Moderate Islamists and the TNG • Mogadishu • Technocratic government

  34. Recent Occurences • Drought and famine • Al-Shabaab • Possible AU peacekeeper increase • Kenya • UN

  35. Problems that the UN face in Somalia • United Nations aid workers in the country are limited as there is no established • protection on site. Aid workers face the constant threat of kidnapping for ransom. • International aid has been routinely looted due to a variety of factors including • government corruption and desperate food and health conditions. • Islamist groups view the United Nations with distrust and deny it access to their • land, believing that the United Nations has a political agenda.

  36. UN Role In Somalia • No large-scale United Nations peacekeeping operation in the • country since the UNOSOM II. • Passed Resolution 1838, in which an anti-piracy fleet is • sanctioned to operate off of Somalia's lawless coastline. • The World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations program, also has a • presence in the country. • A United Nations program designated towards establishing a functioning • government in Somalia called the United Nations Political Office for Somalia is • currently active in Kenya.

  37. Solutions • UN Peacekeepers • Offensive action • Protection of aid • Protection of government institutions • United Nations Political Office for Somalia • Development • IMF

  38. Solutions (cont.) • 3. International Help • AU • Anti-insurgency • Monetary goals • 4. Political Unification • TNG • Puntland • Somaliland • 5. End to Piracy • 6. Alleviate the Effects of the Famine • Long term and short term goals

  39. Bibliography • 1. The United Nations' database on the UNOSOM I & UNOSOM II • <https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosomi.htm> • <http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom2backgr1.html> • 2. From United Nations Political Office for Somalia • <http://unpos.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1911> • 3. Somalia – Infrastructure, Power, and Communications • <http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Somalia-INFRASTRUCTURE- • POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html> • 4. GlobalSecurity on the Somalia Civil War • <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm> • 5. From AllAfrica, information pertaining to the Islamist's stance on the United Nations was • obtained. • <http://allafrica.com/stories/201107260329.html> • 6. General history of the Somali Civil War • <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861179.html> • 7. Information on the Somali Civil War was taken from Conciliation Resources. • <http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/somalia/endless-war.php> • 8. GlobalSecurity on the far-reaching consequences of the Somalia Civil War • <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm>

More Related