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The Somali Civil War

The Somali Civil War. Geography. Capital: Mogadishu Coastline = 2,720 km Horn of Africa North hilly Central & South flat.

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The Somali Civil War

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  1. The Somali Civil War

  2. Geography • Capital: Mogadishu • Coastline = 2,720 km • Horn of Africa • North • hilly • Central & South • flat "Somalia Map - African Countries, Map of Somalia Facts Landforms - World Atlas." World Atlas including Geography Facts, Maps, Flags - Worldatlas.com. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/so.htm>.

  3. Somalia Geography Pay close attention here. Somalia is the easternmost country in all of Africa. Together with Ethiopia, Somalia occupies what is called The Horn of Africa. The Horn of Africa takes its name from the fact that if you look at this part of Africa (on a map), it looks like the horn of a rhinoceros. On your maps, label (1) Somalia (2) Mogadishu (3) The Horn of Africa

  4. Geography Mogadishu, at 1.5 million people, is the largest and most important city in Somalia. It is a coastal city (shown in the picture). Somalia has a predominantly desert climate—rain is irregular, and the weather is hot year-round. One last thing is that Somalia is mostly flat. The only highlands in Somalia are in the northern part of the country.

  5. Climate • Annual Rainfall • NE: Less than 4 inches • Central: 8-12 inches • SW and NW: 20-24 inches • Seasons • Gu (rainy)April-June • Hagaa (dry) July-September • Day (rainy) October-November • Jiilaal (dry) December-March

  6. Climate (cont.) • Somalia mainly has a desert climate. • They experience irregular rainfall. • The northeast experiences monsoons from December through February. The southwest region experiences monsoons from May to October. • Hot and humid periods exist between monsoons. • Moderate temperatures exist in the north, and hot temperatures in the south.

  7. Natural Disasters • Droughts • A recurring disaster in Somalia • Dust Storms • Usually occur over the eastern plains during the summer season • Floods • Only occur during the rainy season

  8. Environmental Issues • Famine • The UN declared a famine in 5 southern regions of Somalia in 2011 • 3.2 Million people survive on food aid • 2.8 million of those live in Southern Somalia • Use of Contaminated Water • Costal Contamination • Loss of Biodiversity

  9. Land Degradation • Deforestation • Overgrazing • Soil erosion • Desertification

  10. People There are only 10 million people in Somalia. Somalia is sparsely populated due to the desert-like climate and history of civil war. Almost all Somalis are Muslim. They worship Allah. Pictured is an Islamic mosque in Mogadishu.

  11. People • 60% = nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists (north) • 25% = farmers who live mainly in the fertile agricultural zone (south) • 15% = urban " Somalia Tips." Somalia Tips. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://somaliatips.files.wordpress.com "Understanding Somalia." MercatorNet: promoting human dignity. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/

  12. Somalia Population Year Population Rank Percent Change Date of Information 2008 9,558,666 85 4.82 % July 2008 est. urban population:37% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization:4.2% annual rate of change (2005-2010) Population growth rate: 2.824% (2008 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years:44.7% (male 2,143,758/female 2,132,869) 15-64 years:52.8% (male 2,525,562/female 2,516,879) 65 years and over:2.5% (male 100,655/female 138,943) (2008 est.)

  13. Population • Birth rate: 44.12 per 1,000 persons in the population • Death rate: 15.89 per 1,000 persons in the population Median age: total:17.5 years male:17.4 years female:17.6 years (2008 est.) Infant mortality rate: total:110.97 deaths/1,000 live births male:120.17 deaths/1,000 live births female:101.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

  14. Population • Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (2008 est.) • Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.25 years male: 47.43 years female: 51.12 years (2008 est.) • Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

  15. Population of Somaliland • Estimated at 3.5 million • Average population growth rate: Estimated at 3.1% • Average life expectancy for: males: 50 females: 55

  16. People • Ethnic groups: Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000) • Religions: Sunni Muslim • Languages: Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

  17. People • Somalis maintain Islamic traditional norms about handshaking, limiting physical contact to persons of the same sex. Not all people from Somalia are ethnic Somali. The Bantus, in particular, may have special needs because of their historical marginalization in Somalia and distinct language and culture.

  18. People Social Structure, Family, and Gender The family is deeply valued in Somali culture Approximately one-fifth of the population lives in polygamous households Marriages traditionally have been arranged, but marriages based on love are increasingly permitted. The previous socialist regime made some efforts to improve opportunities for women so that Somali women generally have more freedom to learn, work, and travel than most other Muslim women.

  19. People • Somali Clans can serve as a source of conflict or solidarity • They often form alliances for protection, access to water, or political power • These alliances are very important to many Somalis and can outweigh their allegiance to a unified country of Somalia

  20. Economy Somalia is poor, yeah. . .Did you expect it to be rich? Per capita GDP is around $600. Somalia is a very large livestock producer. Many Somalis were nomads and pastoralists who work their livestock. Livestock produces about 40% of GDP and 65% of export earnings. Somalia currently has very little industry.

  21. Economy GDP (purchasing power parity): $5.387 billion (2007 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 2.6% (2007 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): $600 (2007 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 65% industry: 10% services: 25% (2000 est.)

  22. Economy • Currency: Somali shilling • Exchange rates: Somali shillings per US dollar - 1,438.3 (2006) official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about 23,000 shillings per dollar as of February 2007 • Labor force: 3.7 million (few skilled laborers) (1975 estimate) • Labor force - by occupation: agriculture:71% (reminder: arable land:1.64%) industry and services:29% (1975 estimate)

  23. Economy • Exports: $300 million f.o.b. (2006) • Exports - commodities: livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal • Exports - partners: UAE 50.7%, Yemen 21%, Oman 6.1% (2007)

  24. Economy • Imports: $798 million f.o.b. (2006) • Imports - commodities: manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat • Imports - partners: Djibouti 34.4%, India 9.1%, Kenya 9%, Oman 6%, UAE 5.6%, Yemen 5.5% (2007)

  25. UNICEF estimates 41.9 % of children (5 to 14 years) working. Most worked in agriculture and domestic service. Children used for forced labor or sexual exploitation. Child labor

  26. Social Well-Being Indicators • Poverty Rate • Extreme Poverty: 43% • General Poverty: 73% • Income Inequality • Literacy • Total: 37.8% • Male: 49.7% • Female: 25.8%

  27. Education • Primary Education Attendance • Male: 24% • Female: 22% • Secondary School Attendance • Male: 8% • Female: 4% Lowest in the World! !

  28. No government operated public school system or required education since1991. 62 % of primary schools in Somalia required students to pay fees. Education School in Somali Refugee Camp ↑

  29. Access to Water and Sanitation • Access to improved drinking source: 29% • Access to improved sanitation: 25% • High prices: $7 • Long walks: 20km • Prioritizing • Children and IDPs • diarrheal diseases

  30. Health • Malnutrition • Maternal Health • Communicable Diseases • HIV/AIDS • STIs

  31. Colonial Background • Britain and Italy colonized Somalia • After WWII Italy had to give its holding to England • In 1960, Somalia declared independence • Despite sharing the same language, ethnicity and religion there are deep divisions • A system of rival clans and sub-clans made establishing a stable government almost impossible

  32. History • Clans • Imperialism (late 1800s) • Britain,Italy,France • Independence (June 26th,1960) • United Republic of Somalia • Abdullahi Issa & Aden Abdullah Osman Daar • Abdirashid Ali Shermarke

  33. History (cont.) • Assassination of President Sharmarke • Army seizes power, 1969 • General Siad Barre leads overthrow regime

  34. Somalia was formed in 1960. Military takeover in 1969. Mohamed Siad Barre became dictator. Overthrown in 1991. History

  35. Civil War • Socialist dictator, Muhammad Siad Barre, is president from 1969-1991, when he is deposed in military coup • Essentially, the parties involved are: 1. the US supported Transitional Federal Government 2. the Union of Islamic Courts which has a militant wing 3. various warlords

  36. Declared its own local government in 1991. Remains unrecognized by any international organization. Rebelled against the Siad Barre style dictatorship. Republic of Somaliland

  37. Rise of Siad Barre • Scientific Socialism • Marxism + Koranic interpretation • Expansionist Somali nationalism • Homogenous, centralized nation-state • Unstable because of clans • Attempted to reclaim territory from Ethiopia

  38. Siad Barre's Dictatorship • Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) • End "tribalism, nepotism, corruption, and misrule" • Aligned with Soviet Union • National Security Services (NSS) • 'Somali Gestapo' • Clan favoritism • M.O.D (the Mareehaan, Ogaden and Dulbahante)

  39. Ogaden War (1977-1978) • Ogaden region in Ethiopia • Somali National Army • 3 years after fall of Ethiopia’s Emperor Haile Sellasie • Soviet Union & Cuba alliance change • Supported new Marxist Ethiopia • Withdrew support from Barre

  40. Ogaden War (1977-1978) cont. • Effects of the war • 1983 → 1.3 million refugees in Somalia • Economy in the north • Clan favoritism & resentment • Issaq clan • Ogadeen clan

  41. Brief History of Somalia • Post-World War II • Was a protectorate of Great Britain • 1960 • Achieved independence • 1970s • Military dictatorship • Under Mohamed Siad Barre • 1980s • Somalia's strategic importance was diminished due to end of the Cold War • Government became even more totalitarian

  42. Uprising in the NW (1978-1982) • Majeerteenclan • The Red Berets • Destroyed water reservoirs • 2,000 Majeerteen died from thirst • Violence against women/children

  43. Overthrow of Siad Barre • Somali National Movement (SNM) • 1979 • Isaaq exiles • 1980s → Ogadeen refugees in (north) Isaaq clan territory • 1988 SNM raided refugee camp • Barre = civilian assault • United States government provided $163.5 million to Barre • Lost Iranian ally • 1979 revolution • Horn of Africa to Gulf oil shipping routes • Barre's army =120,000 troops

  44. Overthrow of Siad Barre (cont.) • United Somali Congress (USC) • 1989 • Hawiye clan exiles • Red Berets • Violence against Hawiye and Isaaq clans • Bombing of Hargeisa, 2nd largest city, 70% destroyed, 400,000 fled to Ethiopia • January 27th,1991 → USC fought back • Drove Siad Barre out of Mogadishu

  45. The Result • Republic of Somaliland • Somali National Movement (SNM) • NW • MohammadIbrahimEgal → “president of Somaliland • United Somali Congress (USC) • Seized Mogadishu • Siad Barre dies in exile 4 years later → Nigeria

  46. Civil War • The civil war disrupted agriculture and food distribution in Somalia. • The tribes waged vicious wars against each other to control water, and pasture, and cattle. • With the country embroiled in a civil war, famine struck, and many Somalis began to die—an estimated 300,000.

  47. Famine and Starvation in Somalia When Somalia’s government collapsed in 1991, the resulting civil war led to severe disruptions in food production and distribution. An estimated 300,000 Somalis starved to death.

  48. Somali Civil War – 1991 • Results of the Somali Civil War • Barre is ousted from leadership • Disrupted agriculture, food & water distribution • Based on clan allegiances and competition for resources

  49. Somali Civil War – 1991 • More Results • Famine – approx. 300,000 dead • UN Security Council authorized the limited peacekeeping operation • Completely disregarded by the warring factions

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