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Ch. 11: The Age of Imperialism Sec. 3: The Scramble for Africa

Unit 3: Industrialization and Nationalism. Ch. 11: The Age of Imperialism Sec. 3: The Scramble for Africa. Africa before 1850. A. Decentralized ; disunity; rich in resources Hundreds of different languages Politically diverse-villages to large empires

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Ch. 11: The Age of Imperialism Sec. 3: The Scramble for Africa

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  1. Unit 3: Industrialization and Nationalism Ch. 11: The Age of ImperialismSec. 3: The Scramble for Africa

  2. Africa before 1850 A. Decentralized; disunity; rich in resources • Hundreds of different languages • Politically diverse-villages to large empires • Religious differences-traditional, Muslim, Christian B. Early European Contact (late 1400s) • Coastal-rugged geography and hostile people • slave trade (West) • salt trade (North) • trading posts (South) • by 1880-only 10% under European control (not in interior)

  3. Europe competes for African Empires: Last Half of 1800s A. Interior • realm of missionaries and explorers • African “mystique” sparked interest in publications • 1870s-Henry Stanley’s search for Dr. David Livingstone (well-publicized); opened Congo to European interest B. Belgium est. control over Congo (1880) • Leopold II uses humanitarian front (end slavery) to mask exploitation of Africans • Rubber plantations drained economy  led to starvation • Belgium’s wealth encouraged other European nations to compete for African “pie”

  4. Motives for Colonialism (Imperialism)Motives for Colonialism (Imperialism)Reasons for African Imperialism • Industrial Revolution -resources and markets • Nationalism -colonies increased nation’s prestige • Racism -belief in European/white racial superiority • Social Darwinism (strongest races survive) • Missionary zeal to “Christianize” the heathen • Technological/ Scientific Advancements • technology superiority (esp. in weaponry) • transportation (opened up continent to European control) • medical advancements (quinine) • African disunity

  5. Europe Dominates Africa (1880-1914) A. Berlin Conference (1884-85) • Europe meets to divide Africa “fairly” • Guidelines for control • if you can show a “just” claim • if you can hold it • By 1914-only Liberia and Ethiopia NOT under European control B. Benefit to Europe • Natural Resources -gold, diamonds, rubber, copper, tin, agri. products

  6. The Boer War, 1899-1902 • Dutch (Boers) settled Cape Town (South Africa) in 1600s as trading base • British-moved in Cape colony in 1800s 1. Boers escaped northward-“The Great Trek” 2. Were pushed into Zulus  conflict • Discovery of gold and diamonds increased European immigration 1. Boers tried to limit newcomers’ influence; blamed British • Fierce fighting breaks out; concentration camps; guerilla fighting; innocent civilians killed • “modern war” foreshadowed future horrors • Britain won and est. Union of So. Africa (under British control)

  7. African Resistance 1. The Zulu Wars -1879 • British invade Zulu Territory and conquer this powerful tribe in 6 months; made them a colony 2. French West Africa • Malinke tribe wages war against French control in Guinea for 15 yrs; finally defeated in 1898 3. German East Africa • MajiMaji Rebellion (1905): Africans believe that spirits will protect them in rebellion against Germans; tens of thousands killed before uprising is squelched

  8. Ethiopia • Emperor Menelik II took steps to modernize Ethiopia • 1895- Italy invades Ethiopia over treaty dispute • Menelik’s modern army able to defeat Italians in less than a year Menelik II

  9. Summary: Causes & Effects Causes: • European nations needed raw materials • European powers wanted power & land • Europeans strongly influenced by Social Darwinism Effects: • Africans lost their land and independence • Many Africans died resisting the Europeans

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